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Energy in Tropical Climates a practical approach

Energy in Tropical Climates a practical approach. CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium. Overview. Basic elements Energy Types and sources Generation – conversion – transport – storage – consommation Tropical-specific situations Micro-climate Independency

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Energy in Tropical Climates a practical approach

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  1. Energy in Tropical Climatesa practical approach • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  2. Overview • Basic elements • Energy • Types and sources • Generation – conversion – transport – storage – consommation • Tropical-specific situations • Micro-climate • Independency • People • The Field Hospital • Design • Maintenance • Tropical Toolkit • Questions • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  3. Basic Elements • Energy • Greek: ενεργός => “active, working” • Energy = the capacity to do work • Mechanical interpretation Power [Watt] Energy [Joule] Work [Joule] • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  4. Basic Elements • Energy • Greek: ενεργός => “active, working” • Energy = the capacity to do work • Electrical interpretation Power [Watt] Energy [Joule] Work [Joule] • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  5. Basic Elements • Types and sources of Energy • Mechanical energy • Movement off mass: waterstream, rotating axis,… • Loaded spring • Compressed air • Thermal energy • Heat or cold • Boiler • Heat pump • Refridgerator • Electrical energy • Movement of elektrons (ampère) • Battery/generator/dynamo/… • Chemical energy • Endothermal/exothermal reactions • Reduction/oxidation reactions • Battery • Nuclear Energy Energy [Joule] Power [Watt] Work [Joule] • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  6. Basic Elements 3. Generation – conversion – transport – storage - consommation • Consommation - type • Heat / cold : refridgeration, air-conditioning • Electricity: laptops, microscopes, lights,… • … • Generation - type • Mechanical: rotating axis (wind, water-stream) • Fysico-Chemical: Acid solution, Solar radiation • … • Conversion Performance • From one type to another • Within the same type (for example high voltage => low voltage) • Always loss of energy => minimize amount of conversions • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  7. Basic Elements 3. Generation – conversion – transport – storage - consommation • Transport of energy • Heat / cold : piping-systems • Electricity: wires and cables • … • Storage of energy • Difficult • Not possible without losses • E.g.: battery systems (long term storage), fly wheel (short term storage) • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  8. Tropical-specific situations 1. Micro-Climate • Extreme temperatures: up to 40 °C is normal • Cooling of computers/engines/generators more difficult • Cold chain for medicines is must • Extreme humidity: up to 100% relative humidity • Heavy corrosion problems • Short circuits because of condensate • Extreme Lightening • Tension peakes damages elektrical equipment • Extreme Rain • Damages ill-protected electrical circuits • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  9. Tropical-specific situations 2. lndependancy • No oroldLocalareaenergy-systems • Veryinsulated areas => transport-cost • Long-distance transport => spare-parts! • LocalPeople • Verypore • Understanding attitude is must • basictoolkit, spare-parts and back-up systemsnecessary • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  10. The Field Hospital • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  11. The Field Hospital • Design • Consommation detail • Generation possibilities • Back up systems • Protection of the complete system • Human protection • Maintenance • Small maintenance • Big maintenance • Spare parts • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  12. The Field Hospital • Design: Consommation detail • Office: 2 normal rooms • Light bulbs: 4 x 50 W = 200 W • TL-lights (give brighter light): 4 x 20 W = 80 W • Computers: 2 x 400 W = 800 W • Laptops: 3 x 75 W = 225 W • Air-conditioning: 1 x 1.8 kW = 1.8 kW • Ventilators: 2 x 60 W = 120 W • Printers: 1 x 100 Watt => TOTAL = 3.3 kW • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  13. The Field Hospital • Design: Consommation detail • Lab (1 room) • Light bulbs: 2 x 50 W = 100 W • TL-lights (give brighter light): 2 x 20 W = 40 W • Computers: 1 x 400 W = 400 W • Air-conditioning: 1 x 1.8 kW = 1.8 kW • Microscopes: 2 x 50 W = 100 W • Sterilisator / autoclaves: 2 x 1.4 kW • Refridgerator (6°C): 1 x 200W • Fridge (- 20 °C): 1 x 350 W => TOTAL = 5.8 kW • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  14. The Field Hospital • Design: Consommation detail • Surgery (1 room) • Light bulbs: 2 x 50 W = 100 W • TL-lights (give brighter light): 2 x 20 W = 40 W • Operating Lamp: 2 x 80 W = 160 W • Air-conditioning: 2 x 1.8 kW = 3.6 kW • Aspirator/Oxygen-equipment: 300W => TOTAL = 4.2 kW • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  15. The Field Hospital • Design: Consommation detail - Overview • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  16. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Demands = Electrical energy for equipment • Tension = 230 V • 2 phazes • Alternating current (AC) • 50 Hz • Power determined according to previous information • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  17. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Solar Systems - characteristics • The panel: photovoltaic cells (silicium semi-conductant) • Solar energy is converted into electrical energy • The power-generation: Direct-current (DC) • Tension generation = 12 V • Sun-dependent • Orientation-dependent • Expensive • Generation: 125 Wp / m² • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  18. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Solar Systems 12V - Direct current Invertor (12V/230V) Consommation 125 W >125 W <125 W REMINDER: EVERY Equipment in the conversion chain, must be able to transport the power. PROBLEM: Sun does not shine when we would like to, even in tropical climates • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  19. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Solar Systems with integrated battery-system 12V - Direct current Charger/Invertor (12V/230V) Consommation 125 W >125 W <125 W Battery: 12 V, 120 Ah • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  20. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Generator systems • Motor/Engine From chemical energy (diesel) into mechanical energy • Rotating axis • Generator/Alternator • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  21. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Generator systems: Types • Mono-phaze (2 cables output) • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  22. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Generator systems: Types • Tri-phaze (4 cables output) • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  23. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Generator systems: Types • Monophaze Tri-phaze => Tri-phaze better for tropical climates because of lower rotationspeed of the axis. (lower wear and tear) • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  24. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities • Generator systems: characteristics • Power-output in kVA e.g. 15 kVA • Performance in cosinus-phi e.g. 0.8 • Mono-phaze or 3: Power calculation is different! • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  25. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities: CONCLUSIONS • Combination of solar and generator systems • Smaller power demand (lights, portable pc) with solar panels => +- 6 m² is necessary with 3 batteries of 120 Ah, 12V • Higher powerdemands (cooling, sterilisation) with generator => Rest with 3-phaze generator of 10 kVA (3.5 L/h diesel) • Emergency-power (in case of surgery) => 3-phaze generator of 5 kVA (2.5L/h diesel) • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  26. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities: CONCLUSIONS • Extras: depending on local opportunities • Micro-hydro central (5 up to 100 kW) • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  27. The Field Hospital • Design: Generation Possibilities: CONCLUSIONS • Extras: depending on local opportunities • Vertical-axis wind mill (300W up to 20 kW) => minimum wind-speed of 8 km/h necessary! • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  28. The Field Hospital • Design: Back-up system • UPS • Uninterruptible Power Supply • Based on batteries (loaded) and regulating electronics with detection system • Characterized by maximal power (kW) and maximum stand-alone run time (usually 5 up to 10 minutes) • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  29. The Field Hospital • Design: Back-up system • UPS • Most reliable type: double-conversion method • Protects at same time for powerdips, tensionspikes, frequency-modulation … • Double energy-conversion = losses (up to 10 %) • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  30. The Field Hospital • Design: Back-up system • UPS • Alternative types: off-line UPS • Start time 2 ms after feeding-disturbance • Only reliable when current falls out • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  31. The Field Hospital • Design: Back-up system • UPS • Alternative types: line-interactive UPS • Incoming power is filtered • Not as much certainty as double conversion UPS • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  32. The Field Hospital • Design: Protection of equipment and humans • Tension-disturbance • Lightening • Failure of alternator • After start of heavy electric equipment • UPS double conversion type • AVR-technologie (Automatic Voltage Regulation) DUST-FREE • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  33. The Field Hospital • Design: Protection of equipment and humans • Current-protection • Lightening • Failure of alternator • During start of heavy electric equipment • On every line (phaze and zero-line) • Don’t take it out! • TT 250/62mA • TT250/1.6A DUST-FREE • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  34. The Field Hospital • Design: Protection of equipment and humans • Earthening of equipment • To protect the steel casing/chassis to get loaded because of elektromagnetic coupling or leakage current • Protects against possible elektroshocks. VERY IMPORTANT FOR WEAK PATIENTS • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  35. The Field Hospital • Design: Protection of equipment and humans • Earthening of equipment • Connection of casing with the earth • Wires have to be big enough, otherwise no protection • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  36. The Field Hospital • Design: Protection of equipment and humans • Differential current-switch • Human elektro-shock • Loading of other tool with tension (static) => On every phaze ! • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  37. The Field Hospital • Design: Protection of equipment and humans • Lightening – Faraday’s cage • Static tension in clouths above earth • Break through of the current in the atmosphere into earth • Looks for high peaks • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  38. The Field Hospital 2. Maintenance: Strugle against DUST, HEAT and SUN • Electric devices/networks • Keep the performance of the equipment high • Keep clean from dust • Check protection switches by means of multimeter • Every 6 months, complete electric circuit has to be checked (connections screwed, insulation of wiring, ..) • Keep the consommation in balance with the production • Check on regular basis battery-quality • Check the UPS-systems • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  39. The Field Hospital 2. Maintenance: Strugle against DUST, HEAT and SUN • Mechanics • Keep clean (cooling fans of motors, electric connections) • Exhaust gases of motors must be able to quit the place • Steel moving parts: clean and grease • Rubber bands: check for deterioration and replace in time • Transparancy-Test the fuel in a glass before consuming it • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  40. The Field Hospital 3. Tropical toolkit • Multimeter • Basic tools • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  41. The Field Hospital 3. Tropical toolkit • Spare-protection • Spare wiring/contacts • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  42. The Field Hospital 3. Tropical toolkit • Oil/grease • Rubber • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

  43. Questions ? • CEE-Engineering, Korenstraat 10, 3010 Kessel-Lo, Leuven, Belgium

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