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War & Society 1914-1920

War & Society 1914-1920. Chapter 23. Road to War. Key factors precipitated war in Europe Imperialist expansion Militarism - Russia’s army - France and Germany - Britain, Italy, & Austria Nationalism. Europe Divided, pg 587.

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War & Society 1914-1920

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  1. War & Society 1914-1920 Chapter 23

  2. Road to War Key factors precipitated war in Europe • Imperialist expansion • Militarism - Russia’s army - France and Germany - Britain, Italy, & Austria • Nationalism

  3. Europe Divided, pg 587 • Triple Entente : France, Great Britain & Russia (later referred to as “Allies”) • Triple Alliance (Central Powers): Germany, Austria, Ottoman Empire (later Italy)

  4. Serbia’s struggle for independence Problem with Austria & Russia’s impact Assassination, Archduke Ferdinand, June 28, 1914 “Black Hand” ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Outbreak of WWI, 1914

  5. Gavrilo Princip (assassin) of the “Black Hand”

  6. Outbreak of WWI • Austria threatens Serbia • Why would Austria turn to Germany before attacking Serbia? • Austrian declares war July 28, 1914 • Russia mobilizes • Germany reacts by declaring war (8.1.14)

  7. Widening of the War • Schlieffen Plan/ 2-front war • Aug 3- Germany dec. war on France • Aug 4- Great Britain dec. war on Germany • excitement of war (parades) • What were some of the “first timers” in WWI?

  8. The Great War • failure of Schlieffen Plan - western front stalemate (4 years) • eastern front - Russia defeats Austria - Russian advances into Germany

  9. Tannenberg,1914 Masurian Lakes, 1914 Russian Revolution War turns to Western Front ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Russian failures

  10. The Great Slaughter Trench warfare • Remarque’s All quiet on the western front • elaborate trenches • Machine-gun nests/ barbed wire • separated by “no man’s land” • Battle of Verdun- Feb 1916 (700,000) • Battle of Somme- July 1916 (21k) (1mil) • horrors of trench warfare

  11. Entry of United States • most important allied cause • Neutrality? • trade throughout the war - $3 billion (allies) vs. $376 million (central powers)

  12. America’s entry: 3 factors • Lusitania(5/7/1915) - 1198 people killed (128 US, pg 589) • Germany submarine warfare (Jan 1917) • Zimmerman Note - German/Mexican alliance (Jan 1917) • Wilson’s declaration of war speech

  13. Raising an Army • Selective Service Act of 1917 - 3 million drafted into military - 2 million volunteer - 10% African American Labor Shortages - women doing “Men’s” Work (p594)

  14. U.S. entry (continue) • America enters war (4-6-1917) • Psychological boost for allies • 2 million Americans on the western front by 1918

  15. Last years of the war 2nd Battle of the Marne • Germany strikes western front (03/1918) - rapid success / 10 miles per day - US arrives - German offensive halted - plea for armistice (9-1918)

  16. Last years of the war (continue) 2nd battle of the Marne • German General Paul von Hindenburg later commented that “the American infantry in the Argonne (forest) won the war”

  17. End of War • Carnage ends (11-11-1918) - What is significant about Nov 11?

  18. The Push for Peace • Wilson’s Fourteen Points (p 603): • Creation of a League of Nations • Wilson becomes international figure

  19. Treaty of Versailles • Attending the Paris peace conference in 1919, (from left to right) British prime minister David Lloyd-George, Italian prime minister Orlando, French premier Clémenceau and US president Wilson. The peace treaty following the end of World War I was signed between the Allies and Germany on 28 June, mandating German disarmament and war reparations, and establishing the League of Nations.

  20. Paris Peace Conference (1/1919) Treaty of Versailles • Signed June 28, 1919 • What did the treaty officially do? • New countries (p 601) • German War guilt clause

  21. Treaty of Versailles (continue) War Guilt Clause • embarrassed Germany - $33 billion reparations bill - stripped of military (100k men) - reduce navy & eliminate air force • embarrassed/ inflation/ debt • U.S. loans $millions to Germany until depression

  22. WWI conclusion • US (post-WWI) world’s strongest economy/ new hegemony power • US fails to enter L.O.N. • destruction of land & cities • death of 10 million people/ 20 million or more wounded • seeds of WWII planted

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