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Medical terminology

Chapter 10: Cardiovascular, Immune, Lymphatic Systems and Blood. Medical terminology. Chapter 10 Abbreviations. ABO Rh AP BP HR P R T VS. blood groups blood type apical pulse blood pressure heart rate pulse respiration temperature vital signs. Chapter 10 Abbreviations. diff

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Medical terminology

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  1. Chapter 10: Cardiovascular, Immune, Lymphatic Systems and Blood Medical terminology

  2. Chapter 10 Abbreviations • ABO • Rh • AP • BP • HR • P • R • T • VS • blood groups • blood type • apical pulse • blood pressure • heart rate • pulse • respiration • temperature • vital signs

  3. Chapter 10 Abbreviations • diff • ESR • H&H • Hct • Hgb • pro Time/INR • PTT • ECHO • ECG • EKG • differential count (WBC’s) • sed rate (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) • hemoglobin and hematocrit (rbc test) • hematocrit (rbc test) • hemoglobin (rbc test) • prothrombintime (clotting test) • partial thromboplastin time • echocardiogram • electrocardiogram • electrocardiogram

  4. Chapter 10 Abbreviations • ASHD • CAD • CHF • DVT • HTN • MI • MVP • BMT • CABG • OPCABG • arteriosclerotic heart disease • coronary artery disease • congestive heart failure • deep vein thrombosis • hypertension [high pressure in arteries] • myocardial infarction • mitral valve prolapse • bone marrow transplant • coronary artery bypass graft • off-pump coronary artery bypass graft

  5. Chapter 10 Abbreviations • PTCA • AV • CPR • NSR • SA • A-fib • VF • CCU • percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty • atrioventricular (node) • cardiopulmonary resuscitation • normal sinus rhythm • sinoatrial (node) • atrial fibrillation • ventricular fibrillation • cardiac care unit, coronary care unit

  6. The Cardiovascular System • Consists of the heart and a closed network of blood vessels composed of arteries, capillaries, and veins • Function • Heart pumps blood containing oxygen and nutrients to body tissues, exchanges materials, and carries CO2 and waste back

  7. The Cardiovascular System • Organs • Heart • Muscular cone-shaped organ the size of a fist, located behind the sternum and between the lungs. • Pumping action circulates blood throughout the body • R atrium  R ventricle  Lungs  L atrium  L ventricle  Body • Atrial and Ventricular septums separate chambers • Atrioventricular Valves – tricuspid(R) and mitral(L) Valves keep blood flowing • Semilunar Valves – pulmonary and aortic valves

  8. The Cardiovascular System • Pericardium • two-layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous layer and internal serous layer. • Three layers of the Heart • epicardium – covers the heart • myocardium– middle, thick, muscular layer • endocardium – inner lining of the heart

  9. The Cardiovascular System • Blood vessels • Tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body • arteries – carry blood away from the heart; most carry oxygen (except pulmonary artery) • arterioles – smallest arteries • aorta – largest artery in body, originating at the left ventricle • veins –carry blood back to the heart; most carry CO2 (except pulmonary vein) • venules – smallest veins

  10. The Cardiovascular System • venae cavae– largest veins in the body. Inferior vena cava carries blood from lower part of body, Superior vena cava brings blood from upper part • capillaries– microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules; exchange takes place here

  11. Blood • Function • Maintain internal balance in the body, including transportation of nutrients, waste, oxygen, CO2, and hormones; protection; and regulation by controlling body temperature and maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance

  12. Blood • Composition of Blood • Blood • composed of plasma and formed elements, such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes (platelets) • plasma – clear, straw-colored, liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended (90% water, and ~55% of blood volume) • Cells (formed elements) • erythrocytes – rbc’s that carry oxygen. Develop in bone marrow • leukocytes – wbc’s that combat infection and respond to inflammation. 5 types of wbc’s

  13. Blood • platelets (thrombocytes) – one of the formed elements in theblood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process • serum – clear, watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed

  14. The Lymphatic System • Consists of lymph transported through lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, and thymus gland • Function • Return excessive tissue fluid to the blood, absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the sm. intestine and transport them to the blood, and provide defense against infection

  15. The Lymphatic System • Structures • Lymph • Transparent, colorless, tissue fluid. Contains lymphocytes and monocytes and flows in a one-way direction to the heart. (similar to blood plasma) • Lymphatic Vessels • similar to veins, they transport lymph from body tissues to the chest, where it enters the cardiovascular system. • Vessels start as capillaries and eventually become ducts in the chest. One-way flow and enters through veins into the circulatory system

  16. The Lymphatic System • Lymph Nodes • small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue. May be singular or grouped along the path of the lymph vessels • filter lymph to keep substances such as bacteria and other foreign agents from entering the blood • Spleen • located on left side between the stomach and the diaphragm. Largest lymphatic organ in adults • Blood flows through the spleen (not lymph), and is cleansed of microorganisms. It stores blood and destroys worn out red blood cells

  17. The Lymphatic System • Thymus Gland • one of the primary lymphatic organs, located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs • important in the development of the body’s immune system, from infancy to puberty.

  18. The Immune System • Function • Protects the body against pathogens , foreign agents that cause allergic reactions or toxins, and abnormal body cells. Three lines of defense:

  19. Word Parts for Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems and Blood Combining Form Definition • angi/o • aort/o • arteri/o • atri/o • cardi/o • lymph/o • lymphaden/o • myel/o • vessel (usually refers to blood vessels) • aorta • artery • atrium • heart • lymph, lymph tissue • lymph node • bone marrow

  20. Word Parts for Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems and Blood Combining Form Definition • phleb/o, ven/o • plasm/o • splen/o • thym/o • valv/o, valvul/o • ventricul/o • vein • plasma • spleen • thymus gland • valve • ventricle

  21. Word Parts Commonly Used with the Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems & Blood Combining Form Definition • ather/o • ech/o • electr/o • isch/o • therm/o • thromb/o • yellowish, fatty plaque • sound • electricity, electrical activity • deficiency, blockage • heat • clot

  22. Word Parts for Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems and Blood Suffix Definition Prefix • brady- • tachy- • slow • fast Definition • -ac • -graph • -penia • -poiesis • -sclerosis • -odynia • pertaining to • instrument used to record; record • abnormal reduction in number • formation • hardening • pain

  23. Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease & Disorders] Term Definition • angioma • angiostenosis • aortic stenosis • arteriosclerosis • atherosclerosis • bradycardia • cardiomegaly • cardiomyopathy • endocarditis • ischemia

  24. Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease & Disorders] Term Definition • myocarditis • pericarditis • phlebitis • polyarteritis • tachycardia • thrombophlebitis • valvulitis • hematoma • pancytopenia • thrombosis • thrombus

  25. Med Terms (from word parts)[Disease & Disorders] Term Definition • lymphadenitis • lymphadenopathy • lymphoma • splenomegaly • thymoma

  26. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease and Disorders] Term Definition • aneurysm • angina pectoris • arrhythmia • ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall • chest pain, in which may radiate to the left arm and jaw • occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle • any disturbance or abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic pattern

  27. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease and Disorders] Term Definition • atrial fibrillation (A-fib) • a cardiac arrhythmia characterized by chaotic, rapid electrical impulses in the atria. The atria quiver instead of contracting, causing irregular ventricular response and the ejection of a reduced amount of blood • The blood that remains in the atria becomes static, increasing the risk of clot formation • Two types: paroxysmal a-fib (intermittent) and chronic a-fib (sustained)

  28. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease and Disorders] Term Definition • cardiac arrest • congenital heart disease • congestive heart failure (CHF) • coronary artery disease (CAD) • sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation, which requires CPR • heart abnormality present at birth • inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organ with nutrients • commonly caused by CAD • a condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium, denying the myocardial tissue of sufficient O2 and nutrients to function fully

  29. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease and Disorders] Term Definition • coronary occlusion • deep vein thrombosis (DVT) • mitral valve stenosis • obstruction of an artery of the heart, usually from atherosclerosis. Can lead to acute myocardial infarction • condition of thrombus in a deep vein of the body, mostly occurring in the lower extremities. • a clot can break off and travel to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism • a narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever

  30. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease and Disorders] Term Definition • myocardial infarction (MI) • varicose veins • death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of O2 resulting from an interrupted blood supply (heart attack) • distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities

  31. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Disease and Disorders] Term Definition BLOOD • anemia • embolus • sepsis • reduction in the number of red blood cells. • may be caused by blood loss or decrease in the production or increase in the destruction of rbc’s • blood clot or foreign material, such as air or fat, that enters the bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another point • a condition in which pathogenic microorganisms, usually bacteria, enter the bloodstream, causing a systemic inflammatory response to the infection

  32. Med Terms (from word parts)[Surgical Terms] Term Definition • angioplasty • atherectomy • endarterectomy • pericardiocentesis • phlebectomy • phlebotomy • valvuloplasty • splenectomy • splenopexy • thymectomy

  33. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Surgical Terms] Term Definition CARDIOVASCULAR • aneurysmectomy • coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) • coronary stent • surgical excision of an aneurysm • surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries • a supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery • used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectoy • used to treat an artery occluded by plaque

  34. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Surgical Terms] Term Definition • embolectomy • intracoronary thrombolytic therapy • surgical removal of an embolus or clot, usually with a balloon catheter, inflating the balloon beyond the clot, then pulling the balloon back to the incision and bringing the clot with it • an injection of a medication either intravenously or intraarterially to dissolve blood clots in the coronary arteries

  35. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Surgical Terms] Term Definition • percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) • procedure in which a balloon is passed through a blood vessel into a coronary artery to the area where plaque is formed • inflation of the balloon compresses the plaque against the vessel wall, expanding the inner diameter of the blood vessel, which allows the blood to circulate more freely (balloon angioplasty)

  36. Med Terms (from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms] Term Definition DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING • angiography • angioscope • angioscopy • aortogram • arteriogram • venogram • venography

  37. Med Terms (from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms] Term Definition PROCEDURES • echocardiogram • electrocardiogram • electrocardiograph • electrocardiography

  38. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms] Term Definition CARDIOVASCULAR DIAGONOSTIC IMAGING • Doppler ultrasound • a study that uses sound for detection of blood flow within the vessels • used to assess intermittent claudication, deep vein thrombosis, and other blood flow abnormalities

  39. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms] Term Definition CARDIOVASCULAR CARDIOVASCULAR STUDIES • cardiac catheterization • an examination to determine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels. • A catheter is passed into the heart through a blood vessel and is used to record pressures and inject a contrast medium, enabling the visualization of the coronary arteries, great vessels, and the heart chambers. Used to evaluate chest pain and CAD (coronary angiography)

  40. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms] Term Definition CARDIOVASCULAR OTHER • blood pressure • pulse • sphygmomanometer • pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls • measure of systolic pressure (120) and diastolic pressure (80) is recorded as 120/80 • the rhythmic expansion of an artery that can be felt with a finger. • most commonly felt over the radial artery; however pulsations can be felt over a number of sites, including the femoral and carotid arteries • device used for measuring blood pressure

  41. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Diagnostic Terms] Term Definition BLOOD LABORATORY • coagulation time • complete blood count (CBC) and differential count (Diff) • blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot • basic blood screening that measures hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell number and morphology (size and shape), leukocyte count, and wbc differential (types of wbc’s) • The test is automated, thus done easily and rapidly, and provides a tremendous amount of information about the blood

  42. Med Terms (from word parts)[Complimentary Terms] Term Definition • atrioventricular • cardiac • cardiogenic • cardiologist • cardiology • hypothermia • intravenous • phlebologist • phlebology

  43. Med Terms (from word parts)[Complimentary Terms] Term Definition • hematologist • hematology • hematopoiesis • hemolysis • hemostasis • thrombolysis

  44. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complimentary Terms] Term Definition CARDIOVASCULAR • cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) • defibrillation • diastole • emergency procedure consisting of artificial ventilation and external cardiac massage • application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm • phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax between contractions (lower # in BP reading)

  45. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complimentary Terms] Term Definition • fibrillation • heart murmur • hypercholesterolemia • hyperlipidemia • rapid, quivering, noncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles • a short-duration humming sound of cardiac or vascular origin • excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood • associated with heightened risk of cardiovascular disease • excessive amount of fats (triglycerides and cholesterol) in the blood

  46. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complimentary Terms] Term Definition • hypertension • hypotension • lipids • lumen • occlude • blood pressure that is above normal (greater than 140/90) • blood pressure that is below normal (less than 90/60) • fats and fatlike substances that serve as a source of fuel in the body and are an important constituent of cell structure • space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel • to close tightly, to block

  47. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complimentary Terms] Term Definition • systole • venipuncture BLOOD • anticoagulant • hemorrhage • phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract (upper # in BP reading) • puncture of a vein to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an intravenous infusion • agent that slows the blood clotting process • rapid loss of blood, as in bleeding

  48. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complimentary Terms] Term Definition IMMUNE • allergen • allergist • allergy • an environmental substance capable of producing an immediate hypersensitivity in the body (allergy) • Common: house dust, pollen, animal dander, and various foods • a physician who studies and treats allergic conditions • hypersensitivity to a substance, resulting in an inflammatory immune response

  49. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complimentary Terms] Term Definition • anaphylaxis • an exaggerated, life-threatening reaction to a previously encountered antigen such as bee venom, peanuts, or latex. • symptoms range from mild, with patients experiencing hives or sneezing, to severe symptoms such as drop in blood pressure and blockage of the airway, which can lead to death within minutes (anaphylactic shock)

  50. Med Terms (not from word parts)[Complimentary Terms] Term Definition • antibody • antigen • immune • a substance produced by lymphocytes that inactivates or destroys antigens (immunoglobulins) • a substance that triggers an immune response when introduced into the body. • Ex: transplant tissue, toxins, and infectious organisms • being resistant to specific invading pathogens

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