Standard 8

1. Standard 8 The student will explain the relationship between growing north-south divisions and westward expansion.

2. Frederick Douglas • He was born a slave in Maryland. • At the age of 21, he escaped to Massachusetts. • He then began his career as one of the greatest abolitionists in the history of the U.S. • After the Civil War, he became a proponent of women’s rights and civil rights for the freed slaves.

3. The Underground Railroad • A network of escape routes that provided protection and transportation for slaves fleeing north to freedom. • Estimates vary on the number of slaves rescued, from about 40,000 to 100,000. • A majority of the conductors were African American.

4. Turner’s Rebellion • Nat Turner, an African American preacher, led a violent uprising in southeastern Virginia. • Up to 70 slaves killed 57 white people. • The rebels were eventually captured and hung. • Crowds of frightened and angry whites rioted, slaughtering about a hundred African Americans who had had no part in the revolt.

5. Slavery and the Rise of Tension Fugitive Slave Law • The new law called for vigorous enforcement which enflamed Northern sentiments Literature • Uncle Tom’s Cabin was the most influential novel of its day and aroused the North • The Impending Crisis of the South was another anti-slavery book that was banned in the South

6. What was the result of the slave rebellion of Nat Turner? • Abolition • The Wilmot Proviso • The Missouri Compromise • Greater restrictions on slaves

7. B

8. The Missouri Compromise • The basic issue at stake was slavery. • Slavery would be permitted in the new state of Missouri but not in the new state of Maine. • As the U.S. expanded westward, states north on 36º 30’ N latitude would be free.

9. Effects of the Missouri Compromise • The compromise did not settle the issue of whether slavery would be legal while the lands to the west were still territories. • Northerners wanted to keep the territories free. • Southerners felt the national government had no right to tell free citizens they could not take their property to the territories if they wanted to.

10. What restriction was placed on the extension of slavery by the Missouri Compromise? • It restricted slavery to the Northwest Territory. • With the exception of Georgia, it allowed slavery throughout the South. • With the exception of Missouri, it restricted slavery to below the 36˚ 30’ latitude line. • It restricted slavery to the Louisiana Territory.

11. C

12. States Rights and John C. Calhoun • Remembering the Nullification Crisis under President Jackson, South Carolina had advocated for the idea that STATE governments were more powerful that FEDERAL government • This was led by Senator John C. Calhoun from SC. • He was the leader of a movement called the “states-rights” movement • This idea of “states rights” was founded in the principals of limited Federal government • This helped lead to sectionalism, as the interests of the North and South became more and more divergent.

13. D

14. The border dispute with Mexico erupted into war in 1846 President Polk offered to purchase California and set the border at the Rio Grande. Mexico rejected the offer and countered with the Nueces River, further North. Polk sent General Zachary Taylor to patrol the border near the Rio Grande A Mexican Army crossed and captured an American patrol killing 11. The War was a one-sided American victory with General Winfield Scott capturing Mexico City in 1847 Consequences of the Mexican War: Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Rio Grande as Southern Border California and New Mexico territories transfer to U.S. for $15 Million and assumption of American claims against Mexico Wilmot Proviso An amendment to abolish slavery in the newly acquired territory Prelude to Civil War? Wilmot was seen as raising the stakes for the slavery issue and sparking sectional tension anew The War with Mexico

15. Conflict in the Territories • The defeat of the Wilmot Proviso left deep a sectional schism • It also left the Union without a solution to the issue of slavery in the territories • This left three competing ideas on resolution: • The Free-Soilers • The Southern View • Popular Sovereignty

16. The Three Positions Free Soil Movement • Northern Democrats and Whigs support Wilmot • This would have NO BLACKS, free or slave in the Mexican Cession • Favored this approach because they didn’t want to compete for jobs • They also advocated free homesteads and internal improvements The Southern View • Most southerners felt any restriction of slavery was a violation of their Constitutional rights • Moderate Southerners saw the Missouri Compromise line as acceptable Popular Sovereignty • This was the idea that the residents of a particular territory would vote on whether slavery was allowed

17. E

18. The Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay Presented it: • Congress would admit California as a free state. • The people of the territories of New Mexico and Utah would decide for themselves whether slavery would be legal. • Congress would abolish the sale of enslaved people in Washington D.C. • Slavery itself would remain legal in Washington D.C. • A Fugitive Slave Act would order citizens of the US to assist in the return of enslaved people who had escaped from their owners. • It would also deny a jury trial to escaped slaves.

19. The Compromise of 1850 conflicted with the Missouri Compromise because • It restricted slavery to states below the Mason-Dixon line. • It assured that Congress would maintain a balance of free and slave states. • It allowed states to determine their slave status. • It called for an end to slavery by the beginning of the 20th century.

20. What did the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 maintain? • Power in Congress between free and slave states • The supremacy of the U.S. Constitution • Popular sovereignty in southern and northern states • The continued enslavement of African Americans