BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

1. Part 3 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

2. BASICS OF INHERITANCE • DNA is the hereditary molecule • BLUE PRINT for all traits • Universal and Interchangeable

3. DNA EXTRACTION LAB

4. HUMAN CHROMOSOMES • Coiled strands of DNA • 23 pairs of chromosomes • 23 from ♀ egg • 23 from ♂ sperm

5. I. Sexual reproduction • ADD DRAWING TO NEXT PAGE

7. II. Hybrid • Offspring produced by the mating of different species. • Every cell contains DNA from both species • Can you name some hybrid animals? Peekenese and a poodle = peek-a-poo • Horse and a donkey= mule • ADD DRAWING TO NEXT PAGE

9. Wolf/dog hybrid

10. Liger or tigon

13. Zonkey or zedonk

22. Llamal llama/camel hybrid

23. III Chimera • Produced in the laboratory • EMBRYO FUSION- see article on "GEEP" • Draw diagram of hybrid and chimera

25. GEEP

27. IV IN VITRO FERTILIZATION Test tube babies • Procedure • female injected with hormones to cause ovulation of many eggs • Male donates sperm • Egg and sperm are mixed in a dish in a lab to create embryos • Embryo implanted in surrogate mother

28. Test Tube Babies • In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Embryo Transfer (ET) • 20% success rate

29. Can be used for : • Infertile couples • Experimentation • Increase the population of endangered species • QUESTION? What do we do with the left over human embryos?

30. V. Surrogate Motherhood

32. Make it exciting

33. Twins: Identical vs. Fraternal • Diagram in your notes.

34. Identical

35. Fraternal

36. Ethics: Theory of right and wrong. Defines what is good for the individual and society • Morals: Practicing right and wrong

37. Questions from Article • 1. What is the danger of being able to create embryos? • 2. Advantage / Disadvantage of IVF and ET? • 3. What is an ethical question raised w/ frozen embryos? • 4. What was the problem raised w/ the death of the American who died and left 2 frozen embryos?

38. VI Genetic Engineering and Moving Genes • -Human Genome Project (video) HGP READ pg. 236 • -(HGP)sequence all the base pairs in the human genome (2-3 billion pairs) • (100,000 genes) • -genome -all the possible bases in a species or individual

40. gene- DNA sequence that codes for a protein. The protein may lead to a visible trait (I.e. eye color, hair texture, blood type etc) • Genetic Disease- disease caused by a defective or mutant gene. Considered hereditary, if it can be passed on to the next generation (i.e. Huntingtons, Sickle Cell are major examples)

41. MOVING GENES (the basics) • Recombinant DNA involves 4 steps • Procedure • 1. DNA is cut and desired gene is removed • 2. gene is attached to a vector for delivery into another cell • 3. cloning - multiple copies of the gene are made by allowing the host cell to multiply • 4. screening- cells with the new gene are sorted from the multitude produced

42. BT Corn Insulin from bacteria Artificial insemination or embryo transfer

43. How is the DNA cut? • Restriction enzymes- recognize a specific DNA sequence and cuts it at every location

44. How is the DNA delivered? Viruses, yeast or plasmid can be used. • A plasmid is a loop of DNA that are independent of the main DNA of a bacteria cell. • The same restriction enzyme is used to open the plasmid. • Nucleotide pairs on the end of the gene and plasmid join in a complimentary fashion. • The gene is now part of the host’s DNA

45. How is the DNA separated? • electrophoresis

47. KIDS, CARS AND $$$$$

48. VIII Moral and Ethical issues • WHY IS THIS BEING DONE? • HOW IS THIS BEING DONE? • WHO OR WHAT CAN IT BE DONE TO?

49. Cloning Around (reproductive cloning) • All SOMATIC CELLS (body cells) contain DNA blueprint for the individual organism • Any cell can behave like a ZYGOTE to produce an entire individual