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Chapter 13.1 . Why did people move west?. Chapter 13.2 . Spain tried to attract people to the Texas - Unsuccessful with Spanish settlers they agreed to let Stephen Austin settle in Texas as long as he followed Spanish laws.
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Chapter 13.1 Why did people move west?
Chapter 13.2 Spain tried to attract people to the Texas - Unsuccessful with Spanish settlers they agreed to let Stephen Austin settle in Texas as long as he followed Spanish laws. Mexico gains independence from Spain in 1821 rendering Spanish agreement with Austin worthless. Austin negotiates successfully with Mexico, but part of the bargain was to become a Mexican citizens and a members of the Roman Catholic Church. Austin demanded 3 things from new settlers: 1) head of the family was moral, 2) they worked hard, 3) and they did not drink.
Chapter 13.2 Three issues led to Texas Revolution: 1)Mexico outlawed slavery - Slave owners in Texas angry. Result: Austin persuaded Mexican government to allow slave owners to keep their slaves. 2) Stephen Austin requested that Texas become a self-governing state. Sequence of events: Austin met with General Santa Anna Santa Anna initially agreed with Austin Santa Anna discovered second agreement Austin made before meeting with Austin. Agreement : Santa Anna agrees or Texas leaves Mexico Santa Anna believed 2nd agreement was rebellion. Santa Anna jailed Austin for a year – which angered Texans
Chapter 13.2 3) A few women and children were not executed at the Alamo. Santa Anna calculated they would warn the others of what would happen if they continued to resist Mexican authority. The story was meant to scare the Texans, but instead shocked them and gave them realization of just how hard they would have to fight. Also, many talked about how weak the Mexican army fought at the Alamo. • The war for Texas Independence was now in full swing
Chapter 13.2 After five small battles, one (Goliad) saw Mexicans slaughter 300 Texans who had surrendered. The Texans won their freedom at the Battle of San Jacinto - in a surprise attack the Texans killed more than half of Santa Anna’s army in just 18 minutes. A Treaty was signed immediately after San Jacinto, and Texas declared it’s independence in September, 1836. Most Texans wanted to be part of the U.S. Northerners objected because Texas would enter as a slave state and give the slave states majority in Congress. Congress voted against Texas annexation and Texas remained an independent republic for approximately 10 years.
Chapter 13.3 Manifest Destiny – the belief that we were meant to expand from sea to shining sea. Manifest Destiny was not only good but bound to happen – even if it meant pushing Mexicans and Native Americans out of the way. After quickly settling a land dispute with Britain regarding Oregon boundary – Polk concentrated on Mexico. 1845 – Texans was admitted to the Union as a slave state. Mexico angry because they still considered Texas their land. Also, location of border between U.S. and Mexico was in dispute. The U.S. saw it as the Rio Grande, Mexico much further north. President Polk sends Slidell to offer 25 million for Texas, New Mexico and California – Mexico refused.
Chapter 13.3 President Polk forces the issue by stationing troops just north of the Rio Grande. Mexico attacks, war is on – but there was mixed reaction from U.S. Northerners saw this as another attempt to get more slave states admitted to the Union. Gen. Kearny captures New Mexico without a fight. California is captured after mild resistance (big help from those in California who rebelled against Mexicans). Invasion of Mexico saw two battles: 1. In the north that ended in a bloody battle and Santa Anna retreating and, 2. The south saw U.S. troops capture Mexico City (capital).
Chapter 13.3 Treaty of Hidalgo ended war. The terms for Mexico: Recognized Texas as part of U.S. Rio Grande border Mexican Cession – gave up land rights to: California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming The terms for the United States were: Agreed to pay Mexico 15 million Cover $3.25 million in claims of U.S. citizens against Mexico Protect the 80,000 Mexicans living in Texas
Chapter 13.4 California gold rush: Routes were: Around South America – risk storms, seasickness, spoiled food Sail through Isthmus of Panama, cross overland – risk deadly tropical diseases) then sail to California Over U.S. land – risking hardships of trail, Native Americans, wild animals
Chapter 13.4 The rush saw 250,000 people flood into California and caused huge economic growth. Californians suffered because their land was taken from them. Native Americans suffered from diseases and being hunted down and killed Once again Manifest Destiny struck. California was able to apply for statehood and granted entrance into Union as a free state in 1850. This once again upset the balance of free/slave states in the Union.
Chapter 14 Immigration explosion in mid-1800s Push/pull factors: Push (away from home country) factors: Population growth – Europe becoming overcrowded Agricultural changes – New methods made work force not needed – forced tenant farmers off land, leaving them no job Crop failures – caused some farmers to not be able to pay debts, started over in America, others left hungry Industrial Revolution – goods produced in factory left skilled artisans (carpenters, etc) without work. Some went to work in factories, others emigrated Religious and Political turmoil – Quakers fled Norway, Jews fled Germany due to persecution, some left due to Germany’s failed 1848 revolution
Chapter 14.1 Pull (toward America) factors: Freedom – not just religious freedom (but main driving one), but political (some really wanted to experience democracy) Economic opportunity – America in wave of prosperity – immigrants wanted piece of gold road Abundant land – to Europeans, America was huge. To land starved Europeans they saw America as land of opportunity. Also, U.S. wanted people to settle in these lands. The immigrations explosion came from Europe.
Chapter 14 - Reforms Religious – Second Great Awakening – 1790s to early 1800s – preachers stressed helping others, and people began to think if they acted to make things better they would succeed Temperance Movement – campaign to stop the drinking of alcohol. Things movement grew out of more than a few men took wages to the bar instead of home, then would go home and bad things occurred. Culminated in the 19th amendment Worker’s Rights – workers started to organize – asking for better working conditions, better wages and hours.
Chapter 14 Education – states started to offer public education. Massachusetts set up first state board of education. North definitely ahead of the south. However, women and African Americans were not considered at first. This changed for women rather quickly but African-Americans suffered – particularly in the south. Care for the needy – Dorothea Dix started a movement to help the mentally ill. But it was also for prison reforms and starting rehabilitation programs
Chapter 14.4 – Slavery and Women Slavery – Abolition was a movement to end slavery – by 1804 most northern states abolished slavery. Serious discussions were occurring in Congress. John Q. Adams introduced an amendment to abolish slavery. Two abolitionist speakers were Frederick Douglas and Sojourner who spoke of their personal experiences as slaves. Underground Railroad established – actually an above ground series of escape routes from the south to the north. Traveled by night, hid in places (called stations) during the day. Most escaped by foot, but some used wagons, boats and trains. Conductors those along the routes helping slaves escape. Harriet Tubman one of the most famous conductors - a former slave that led 19 journeys into south (by using disguises) to help slaves escaping. She was so successful she had a 40,000 bounty for her capture. She never got caught.
Chapter 14.4 – Slavery and Women Women’s Rights – women still had few rights. Single women could manage their own property, married women could not (even if the women inherited it). Women started to demand more equality. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were outspoken women who attended the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London in 1840. Seneca Falls Convention – held by Mott and Stanton for women’s rights. Patterned after the Dec. of Independence, they drafted the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions. It listed complaints or resolutions. All passed but suffrage (the right to vote). For the most part the convention was made fun of and not taken seriously. 1851 – Sojourner Truth, Maria Mitchell, and Susan B. Anthony spoke at a convention in Ohio in 1851. Truth called for equality, Anthony worked on anti-slavery and temperance issues, and Mitchell organized a science association
