Chapter 1 Historical Perspectives

1. ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

2. Chapter 1 Historical Perspectives ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

3. 1-1. Why We Should Work Hard to Prevent Accidents and Occupational Illnesses • Needless destruction of life and health is morally unjustified. • Failure to take necessary precautions against predictable accidents and occupational illnesses makes management and workers morally responsible for those accidents and occupational illnesses. • Accidents and occupational illnesses severely limit efficiency and productivity. • Accidents and occupational illnesses produce far-reaching social harm. • The safety movement has demonstrated that its techniques are effective in reducing accident rates and promoting efficiency. • Recent state and federal legislation mandates management responsibility to provide a safe, healthful workplace. ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

4. 1-2. Doctrines of Common Law • Fellow Servant Rule—Employer was not liable for injury to an employee that resulted from negligence of a fellow employee. • Contributory Negligence—Employer was not liable if the employee was injured due to his own negligence. • Assumption of Risk—Employer was not liable because the employee took the job with full knowledge of the risks and hazards involved. ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

5. Chapter 2 The Safety, Health, and Environmental Professional ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

6. roles in loss control, industrial hygiene, and health economic challenges facing the SH&E professionals dealing with difficult ethical issues as a professional new responsibilities and challenges resulting from globalization selling the benefits of SH&E programs to managers training the SH&E professional for new roles consultants and expert witnesses concerns about personal and professional liability opportunities opening in the future technology changes better control of risks product stewardship roles indoor air quality “the shift to the subtle” regulatory agency influences nongovernment organizations 2-1. Current Topics and Concerns for the Safety, Health, and Environmental Professional ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

7. 2-2. Benefits of SH&E Expenditures and Activities Points that can be made to support arguments for SH&E expenditures: • Public trust—delivering a safe and healthy workplace is important to maintaining public trust • Cost reduction—safety and health programs can potentially reduce overall workers’ compensation costs • Worker retention—retaining productive workers encourages the belief that personal safety is of primary importance to the organization • Increased productivity—a safe environment elevates morale, creating a positive and more productive work site ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

8. Chapter 3 Safety Culture ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

9. 3-1. Participants in Creating a Safety Culture • the chief executive officer, who has to express support for safety and show it by her or his actions and decisions • the facility management team, who have to consistently support safe work conditions and obtain safer machinery or materials • the front-line supervisors, who need to correct behaviors as well as obtain the right equipment • the workers, who want to be safe and who together have the most to lose from an unsafe workplace • the union, that needs to make safety part of its role in protecting members • the purchasing officials, who need to ask about safety when buying materials and equipment for use in the plant • the safety professional, who guides, encourages, and directs safety efforts and provides information and resources for hazard identification ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

10. 3-2. Implementing a Safety Culture Management’s Role • earning workers’ trust for safety programs, by communicating effectively • focusing on safety, not just production output, as a goal • consistently acting in favor of safety when choices are made • involving employees in developing programs for change • creating a positive employee setting • a well-designed and clean work setting • clear communication within the facility • encouragement for employee safety feedback • positive values expressed to workers by management • a sense of moral and ethical concern toward worker health and safety ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

11. Chapter 4 Regulatory History ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

12. 4-1. States with Approved Plans ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

13. REGION I—Boston (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont) REGION II—New York (New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands) REGION III—Philadelphia (Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia) REGION IV—Atlanta (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee) REGION V—Chicago (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin) REGION VI—Dallas (Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas) REGION VII—Kansas City, Mo. (Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska) REGION VIII—Denver (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming) REGION IX—San Francisco (Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Guam, American Samoa, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) REGION X—Seattle (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington) 4-2. OSHA Regional Offices ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

14. Chapter 5 Safety Professionals and Impacts of the Law ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

15. 5-1. Key Regulatory Terms • Law—adopted by a state legislature or by the U.S. Congress • Rule (or regulation)—an administrative agency’s published decision concerning policies or actions that implement an existing law • Policy—often appears in a published statement, speech, or announcement in which the agency’s leader directs employers to undertake protections that the agency seeks • Guidance document—used when an administrative agency does not want to adopt a firm regulation, but wants to send a message to get a particular outcome. They are not binding. • Precedent—final decisions made by judges or administrative hearing officers that are applied later to other cases based on similar facts • Standards—technical documents published by organizations (e.g. ANSI, NFPA, ASTM) to address serious hazards ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

16. 5-2. Violations for Which Regulators May Issue Citations • Other Than SeriousViolation—has a direct relationship to job safety and health, but is not likely to cause death or serious harm • Serious Violation—death or serious physical harm is substantially probable • Willful Violation—employer knowingly commits indifference with the law • Repeated Violation—a violation of any standard, regulation, rule, or order where, upon reinspection, a similar violation can bring a fine • Failure to Abate Prior Violation—may bring a penalty or fine for each day violation continues beyond the prescribed abatement date • De Minimis Violation—violations of standards that have no direct relationship to safety or health ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

17. Chapter 6Loss Control ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

18. 6-1. Benefits of Hazard Analysis • It forces those conducting the analysis to view each operation as part of a system. In doing so, they assess each step in the operation while keeping in mind the relationship between steps and the interaction between workers and equipment, materials, the environment, and other workers. • It identifies hazardous conditions and potential incidents. • It provides information with which effective control measures can be established. • It determines the level of knowledge and skill as well as the physical requirements that workers need to execute specific shop tasks. • It discovers and eliminates unsafe procedures, techniques, motions, positions, and actions. ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

19. 6-2. Principles of Loss Control The primary function of a loss control system is to locate, assess, and set effective, preventive, and corrective measures for elements that are detrimental to operational efficiency and effectiveness on three levels: • National—laws, regulations, exposure limits, codes, and standards of governmental, industrial, and trade bodies • Organizational—management of the hazard control program, safety and health committees, task groups, etc. • Component—worker-equipment-environment ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

20. Chapter 7Safety, Health, and Environmental Auditing ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

21. 7-1. Key Steps in the Audit Process ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

22. auditor proficiency due professional care independence clear and explicit objectives systematic plans and procedures for conducting audits planned and supervised field work thorough review of internal controls audit quality control and assurance audit documentation clear and appropriate reporting 7-2. Safety, Health, and Environmental Auditing Standards ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

23. Chapter 8 Workers’ Compensation ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

24. 8-1. Three Basic Types of Workers’ Compensation Benefits • income replacement • medical benefits • rehabilitation expenses All employers are required to provide medical benefits for employees to cover immediate and long-term care. ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

25. 8-2. Four Categories of Worker Disability • temporary partial disability • temporary total disability • permanent partial disability • permanent total disability ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

26. 8-3. Goals of a Workers’ Comp Program A company’s goals for its workers’ compensation program should be: • to prevent accidents • to control costs • to respond to accidents promptly and efficiently ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

27. Chapter 9Identifying Hazards ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

28. 9-1. System Safety Development Tree A system safety development tree, starting with the overall system and proceeding to specific management of risks. ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

29. 9-2. Risk Management Development Tree ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

30. 9-3. Analytical Trees Are Structured Common Sense ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

31. 9-4. A completed JSA shows how hazards and safe procedures are identified to help reduce the risk of injuries. ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

32. Chapter 10 Incident Investigation, Analysis, and Costs ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

33. 10-1. This form can be used for reporting incidents that do not involve injuries. ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

34. 10-2. Sample page from the Investigator’s Cost Data Sheet and Summary Report. ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

35. Chapter 11Injury and Illness Record Keeping, Incidence Rates, and Analysis ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

36. Provide safety personnel with the means for an objective evaluation of their incident problems and with a measurement of the overall progress and effectiveness of their safety program. Identify high incident rate units, plants, or departments and problem areas so extra effort can be made in those areas. Provide data for an analysis of incidents pointing to specific causes or circumstances, which can then be attacked by specific countermeasures. Create interest in safety among supervisors or team leaders by furnishing them with information about their departments’ incident experience. Provide supervisors and safety committees with hard facts about their safety problems so their efforts can be concentrated. Measure the effectiveness of individual counter-measures and determine if specific programs are doing the job they were designed to do. Assist management in performance evaluation. 11-1. Uses of Incident Records A good record-keeping system can help the safety professional in the following ways: ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

37. 11-2. Incident Surveillance System The ANSI Z16.5-1998 Standard recommends documenting all injuries/ illnesses, allowing the SH&E professional to focus on the most important by providing guidance on: • how to document exposures and events • how to collect data • how to summarize data • how to analyze specific data • sentinel events • injuries/illnesses • costs • statistical measures ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

38. 11-3. Documentable Events ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

39. Chapter 12 Occupational Health Programs ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

40. 12-1. Components of Occupational Health Programs • Comprehensive Health and Safety Program • Baseline Health Exam and Periodic Surveillance of Employees • Diagnosis and Treatment Services for Injuries & Illnesses • Case Management Services • Immunization Programs • Health Records/Personnel Records Kept Separate • Health Promotion, Education, and Counseling • Open Communication Between Occupational Health Personnel and an Employee’s Own Physician ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

41. Pre-placement Examination Periodic Examination Emergency Medical Planning Employee Health Records Neck or Wrist Tags for Medic Alert Health Promotion and Wellness Physical Activity and Fitness Nutrition Tobacco Alcohol and Other Drugs Family Planning Mental Health and Mental Disorders Violent and Abusive Behavior Educational and Community-Based Programs Health Protection Unintentional Injuries Occupational Safety and Health Environmental Health Food and Drug Safety Oral Health Prevention Services Maternal and Infant Health Heart Disease and Stroke Cancer Diabetes and Chronic Disabling Conditions HIV infection Sexually Transmitted Diseases Immunization and infectious disease Clinical Preventive Services Surveillance and Data System 12-2. Occupational Health Services Occupational Health Services should include the following: ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

42. 12-3. Problems Associated with Shiftwork • Reduction in Attention Span • Chronic Fatigue • Sleep Debt • “Microsleep” • Substance Abuse • Gastrointestinal and Digestive Problems • Increased Risk of Heart Attacks • Feelings of Isolation and Depression ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

43. Chapter 13Industrial Hygiene Program ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

44. 13-1. Four Elements of an Effective Industrial Hygiene Program • Anticipation of health hazards arising from work operations and processes • Recognition of an occupational hazard • Evaluation and measurement of the magnitude of the hazard • Control of the hazard ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

45. Chemical dusts liquids fumes mists gases vapors smoke Physical excessive levels of ionizing and nonionizing radiations noise vibration temperature extremes Biological bacteria viruses insects plants birds animals humans Ergonomic repetitive motion awkward work position excessive use of force to perform job repeated or improper lifting of heavy objects 13-2. Classifications of Environmental Hazards ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

46. Chapter 14Environmental Management ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

47. 14-1. The Basics for a Successful Environmental Compliance Program • Prevent common violations. • Create and maintain record-keeping systems. • Create a spill-reporting plan. • Set realistic limits and schedules. • Motivate employee action. ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

48. Recognize that environmental management is high priority Establish a dialogue with internal and external interested parties Determine the regulatory requirements and environmental exposures associated with the organization’s activities, products, and services Development management and employee commitment to protecting the environment—assign responsibility and accountability Encourage environmental strategic planning through the product life cycle Establish a disciplined management process for achieving targeted performance levels Provide appropriate and sufficient resources (training) to achieve targeted performance levels Assess environmental performance against policies, objectives, and targets Establish a process to review and audit the environmental management system (EMS) Coordinate EMSs with other systems (health and safety, quality, finance) 14-2. Key Steps Toward a Successful Environmental Management Program Whether managers adopt current ISO standards they should follow these guidelines: ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

49. Chapter 15 Indoor Air Quality ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs

50. 15-1. Occupant Diary ACCIDENT PREVENTION MANUAL FOR BUSINESS & INDUSTRY Administration & Programs