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Civil Rights 1950’s-60’s

Civil Rights 1950’s-60’s. Chapter 21 Section 1-2. Segregation. Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Separate but equal did not violate 14 th amendment Jim Crow Laws = Separating the races “Whites Only” “Colored Water” -All b lack neighborhoods -forbade interracial marriage -everything separate

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Civil Rights 1950’s-60’s

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  1. Civil Rights1950’s-60’s Chapter 21 Section 1-2

  2. Segregation • Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 • Separate but equal did not violate 14th amendment • Jim Crow Laws = Separating the races • “Whites Only” “Colored Water” -All black neighborhoods -forbade interracial marriage -everything separate • Job Competition • WWII = New opportunities / Armed forces

  3. Courts • NAACP = led desegregation campaign • Thurgood Marshall= law student • Dedicated his life to fighting racism • Schools • 29 / 32 cases won • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka • 8 year old Linda Brown was denied entry to an all white school right next to her house. • Supreme court said Segregation is unconstitutional • violated 14thammendment • Chief Justice Earl Warren

  4. Reaction • “The people of Georgia will not comply with the decision of the court……” • 1955 • Brown II = School desegregation implemented • immediately • Arkansas • Governor = OrvalFaubus for segregation • he ordered National guard to keep them out • NAACP • “Little Rock Nine” 1957 • Central High School

  5. Cont. • Eisenhower has to react • National Guard under federal control • Sent there and attended class with • them • Central High Closes • 1957 • Civil Rights Act • Gave Attorney General more power over school desegregation • Federal government jurisdiction over violation of voting rights for African Americans

  6. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Bus Boycott • Montgomery, Alabama • 381 days • Martin Luther King Jr. • Lead the group • 26 • 1956 • Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation • December 1955 • Rosa Parks • Seamstress • NAACP Officer • Took a seat in the front row • “colored section” • Bus filled = Refused to move • Arrested • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZhSNiTQuqo

  7. Emmett Till • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8QXNyCvDP4 • Fourteen-year-old Emmett Till was visiting relatives in Money, Mississippi, on August 24, 1955, when he reportedly flirted with a white cashier at a grocery store. Four days later, two white men kidnapped Till, beat him and shot him in the head. The men were tried for murder, but an all-white, male jury acquitted them. • Till's murder and open casket funeral galvanized the emerging Civil Rights Movement.

  8. MLK Jr. Movement • Non-violent resistance = “Soul Force” • Civil Disobedience = Refusal to obey an unjust law • Massive demonstrations • A. Philip Randolph • Southern Christian Leadership Conference= SCLC • Carry out nonviolent crusades • Protests / Demonstrations • Churches as base • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee= SNCC • National Protest Group • Shaw University • Raleigh N.C.

  9. Demonstrations • Congress of Racial Equality = CORE • Sit-ins • Sat at segregated lunch counters • Refused to leave • Greensboro N.C. = Woolworths • TV • Beating, jeering, pouring food over students • Refused to strike back

  10. Freedom Riders • 1961 • Alabama • White racists Attacked buses, smashed windows, fire bombs • Kennedy = 400 U.S. marshals sent to protect the riders • Banned segregation in all interstate travel facilities

  11. Ole Miss • Campus riots • 2 deaths • Thousands of soldiers • 200 arrests • 15 hours • In the end he kept attending • September 1962 • University of Mississippi • All White • James MeredithAfrican Americanwon a court case that allowed him to enroll • Governor James Barnett • Refused to let him register • “We will never surrender • Kennedy • Orders marshals to escort him to register

  12. Alabama • 1963 • Birmingham • Most segregated city • Demonstrations • May 2 • 1000+ African-American children marched • 959 arrested • May 3 • 2nd Children’s crusade • Fire hoses • Attack dogs • Clubs • TV • Finally ended segregation

  13. Kennedy takes a Stand • 1963 • Kennedy outraged • Sends troops • Governor George Wallace • Forced to desegregate University of Alabama • Civil Rights Bill • Equal access to all public accommodations • Attorney General • Power to file school desegregation suits

  14. March to Washington • August 28, 1963 • 250,000+ people • 75,000 whites • Washington Monument to Lincoln Memorial • Martin Luther King Jr. • “I Have a Dream” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vDWWy4CMhE

  15. Voting • Johnsonsends Congress a bill immediately • Voting Rights Act 1965 • Eliminated literacy tests • Federal examiners could enroll those who were denied • Freedom Summer • College Students • Non-violent Resistance • Register Voters • KKK = murders, destruction of homes / businesses • Selma Campaign • Protests – to Montgomery • 600+ • Police • Whips, clubs, tear gas

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