Colonial Changes: Culture, Identity & Resistance

1. KC 2.2 and 2.3 Period 2 Wrap-up

2. Changes in Culture Native Americans & Europeans

3. Pueblo Revolt, 1680 • Conflict  more accommodation of NA culture by Spanish • NA & English • Conflict  reinforcement of English view of land, gender roles • Praying towns • Weapons + alcohol + reward for military action vs. enemies = more intense/destructive NA wars Effects of Prolonged Contact

4. Praying Towns

5. The Atlantic World Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans

6. Quickening pace of contact, exchanges that connect Europe, Africa, and the Americas • British AW • Built on strength of South Atlantic shipping  foundation for population flow  rising economic production • Naval power, manufacturing • Cultural impact • Print revolution  spread of ideas • Consumer revolution  new items, goods What is it?

7. Spread of Enlightenment ideas • Science, rationality • Revival and expansion of Xnty • Consumer goods •  debt Impact

8. Shipping  road networks, taverns, postal system • Boston, NYC, Philadelphia, Charleston • Food, lodging, social centers (news, politics) • Movement of people, information, letters, newspapers, pamphlets, books • 7-8 weeks from England to colonial ports • 1695- Licensing Act ends- little censorship Print Revolution

9. Print shops run newspapers, pamphlets, poetry, sermons, advertisements • Science, history, travers’ accounts, novels •  spread of new ideas • Colonial printers: • 1704: Boston Newsletter • 37 newspapers by 1776  share in grievances • Mostly European affairs • Assume know local issues

10. Anglicization The growing “English-ness” of the colonies

11. Growth of political communities based on English models • Commercial ties to England • Similarities in legal structures • Print culture • Protestant evangelism & religious toleration, • Enlightenment ideals • English imports up, London fashion, newspapers, learned professions based on English models How? In what ways?

12. Family life- • Non-gentlemen families- sons take up trades, add crafts to farming households • Women- • Dowry when marry (cash, goods- NOT land) • Coverture • Inheritance rules • Worked harder (spinning wheel • Double-standard for sexual offenses

13. American Identity Regional distinctiveness diminished over time

14. Majority English population • Africans, non-English influence • Representative assemblies • Elected by voters • Gov. by crown or proprietor • RI/CT- Gov. also elected • Religious toleration • Can practice various religions • MBC- most conservative, exclusion of non-Xns, Catholics • RI/PA most liberal Shared Characteristics

15. No hereditary aristocracy • Based on economics- wealthy landowners, craft workers/small farmers (majority) • Social mobility • Via hard work • For all but Africans Shared Characteristics

16. Center of colonial life • Economy expanding, food supply high  marriage @ younger age, more children • Higher standard of living • Frontier, coastal areas difficult Family

17. Men • Held wealth, did work • Landowning  political power • Unlimited power in home • Beat wife • Women • Avg. of 8 kids • Cook, clean, making clothes, medical care • Education of kids • Work next to husband (shop, field) • Divorce legal, but rare • Role in decision making • Why? Shared labor, mutual dependence

18. A Challenge to Autonomy

19. Edmund Burke, Sir Robert Walpole • Relaxed supervision of internal affairs (B) • Support  Patronage (W) •  rise of American self-government • American assemblies power- English Bill of Rights • Taxes- vote down if vs. colonial interest • Currency- • Land banks/local currency, paper currency as legal tender • 1751- Currency Act = no land banks, paper money Salutary Neglect 1650s – 1740s

20. Goals/interests of Euro. Leaders DNE goals/interests of colonists • Salutary Neglect prior to 1763 • Regulation, but little enforcement  ignoring laws Smuggling as Resistance

21. Molasses Act of 1733 • Why? • Mercantilism  restrictions on manufacturing, shipping, trade partners (use of duties) • MA & Navigation Acts (1651) = attempt to restrict trade • Protect English business from Dutch competitors (shipping low) • Protect sugar in British West Indies • Not for revenue • Molasses into NE for RUM • England not want NE purchasing from Dutch, Spanish- only British WI (Jamaica, Barbados)

22. Issue for colonial producers • Supply of molasses drop, price increase (duty, less rum manufactured)  loss of market share • Duty paid takes 100% of value of rum (profits = 0) • Others: • Fish, flour, meat • Can’t be absorbed by Brit. sugar islands  sale to French

23. smuggling molasses from French/Spanish colonies @ lower price • Bribe to customs (NY/Mass) = half a penny/gallon • If caught, freed by American juries • Bring £330 sterling in its first year • £76 annually in 1738-1741 • Below the cost to administer it.

24. 1763- Charles Townshend • Pres. of Board and Trade  use to raise revenue Reduce rate- 6d to 2d/gallon of molasses. • Idea? Traders pay the lower, less smuggling • Enforce collection - 1763 Hovering Act. • 1764- replaced by Sugar Act (tax at 3d)

25. The Enlightenment

26. Rationalism & Scientific methods also apply to human life & affairs • Scientific development can bring “enlightenment” to humankind • Adam Smith (1723-1790) economic laws • Immanuel Kant (1724-1800)- said enlightenment was “daring to know” The Enlightenment

27. Set the stage for political & social change • Rationalism can be used to figure out the laws that governed human society; could lead to progress toward a better society • “Noble savage”- pure, close to origin of world, natural state, all else seen as “shackles” • Global Awareness- other highly developed civs with different customs;

28. Philosophes= Enlightenment thinkers • Believed knowledge could transform humankind • PROGRESS! • No fixation on tradition, divine command. • Change, Improvement through reason/logic • Influenced by global awareness • Were satirical, critical, hostile to establishment • Attack of arbitrary gov., divine right, aristo. Privilege • John Locke- constitutional government • Education for women • Challenge religion: • Many were deists- a remote deity (creator of world, but no interaction with it) • Pantheists- God and nature are one • Religion as a fraud

29. 4 principles: law like order of natural world, power of human reason, “natural rights” of individuals, progressive improvement of society Enlightenment Principles

30. John Locke- impact of environment and experience on behavior, beliefs • Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690 • Character can be changed via education, rational thought, purposeful action • Two Treatise of Government, 1690 • Political authority from social compact, not God to monarchs • Based on preservation of people’s natural rights to life, liberty, property John Locke

31. Boston  Philadelphia • Educated self through reading • Printer, Pennsylvania Gazette (1729) • “Club of Mutual Improvement” • Weekly meetings on “Morals, Politics, or Natural Philosophy” • Poor Richard’s Almanack(1732-1757) • Annual publication • Practical outlook of Enlightenment • Inventions • Bifocal lenses, Franklin stove, lightning rod Benjamin Franklin

32. “My own mind is my own church.” – T. Paine • “I am of a sect by myself.” –TJ • Supreme Being/Grand Architect • Incomprehensible- limitations of mind • World in motion, then. . . • Natural law, order • No intervention • Free to worship in own way • All views of Godshould be respected • Humans created equal under God • Natural rights • Rejection of divinity of JC, authority of Bible • Instead? Rely on reason, moral sense for right/wrong • Given by God to develop own principles Deism

33. From French nobility, 1689-1755 • Republics (small, citizen involvement) • Monarchy (mid-size, adherence to law by ruling class) • Despotism (large empires, fear used to inspire obedience) • Checks and Balances: achieved by separation of powers (exec, legis, judicial) • Would limit & control each other • Gave security & freedom to a state Montesquieu

34. Born into prosperous, middle-class, 1694-1778 • Criticized religion, attached to idea of religious toleration • Was witty, satirical toward religion • Deism Voltaire

35. Son of a skilled craftsman, 1713-1784 • Saw Xnty as fanatical, unreasonable • Encylopedia- 28 volumes of “knowledge” for the purpose to changing the “general way of thinking” • Many contributors • Sold to Drs, teachers, lawyers, military to spread ideas of Enlightenment • Advocate religious tolerance and also social/legal/political improvements • Hope to progress into more cosmo, tolerant, humane, reasonable society Diderot

36. Laissez Faire: • individuals should be left to pursue own econ. Interests; society would benefit; no interference from the state • Adam Smith: • The Wealth of Nations (army, police, public works) • Rousseau- • Society governed by its general will (Social Contract) • High v. Popular Culture • High= literature, art of educated & wealthy • Theology, science, philosophy, poetry, plays • Pop= written/unwritten culture of masses (oral traditions) • Festivals, food, drink • Carnival Enlightenment, etc.

37. The Great Awakening 1730s- 1740s: fervent expressions of religious feeling among the masses

38. 1720s- from Germany  religious revival • Later Mid-Atlantic (Scots-Irish Pres), New England • Northampton, Mass., 1741 • “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” • A Faithful Narrative of the Surprising Work of God (1737, 1738) • Old Test. Scriptures- God angry w/ sinfulness • Saved if express deep penitance Jonathan Edwards

39. Emphasis on pious behavior (Pietism) • Emotional worship • Appeal to heart, not mind

40. From England in 1739 • John Wesley- English Methodism • Message  America (GA, MA) • Preached to 10k+- barns, tents, fields • Rousing sermons that stressed • God = all powerful, save those who profess belief in JC • If not? HELL! • Ordinary people w/ faith, sincerity can understand gospels George Whitefield

41. Colonists shared experience as Americans • Various social classes, national origins • New way to view authority • If can manage religious affairs, then also political affairs • Why rely on authority of “higher” powers? Impact on Politics