Journal #8

1. Journal #8 • Monopoly – sole control over an industry • Strait – a narrow sea passage • Circumnavigate – to sail completely around something

2. Bonus Questions • What are the middle ages? • Explain Feudalism • What document written in 1215 was an inspiration for the U.S. Constitution? • The 150 years of fighting between Christians and Muslims are called what?

3. Early Voyages and Explorers 2.1 and 2.2

4. Why Did People Want to Explore/Travel to America? • The 3 G’s • Gold – meaning actual gold or anything that would make them money • Glory – fame for being the first to discover something • God – for spiritual purposes, to convert Native Americans and for religious freedom

5. The Search for a Route to “the Indies” • “The Indies” meant all of Asia at this time • Italy had a monopoly on European trade with Asia in the 1400s • Other countries wanted a sea route to Asia, Portugal and Spain are leaders in this search (question 3) • Prince Henry of Portugal gathered information about navigation, sailing, mapmaking, and shipbuilding • They create the caravel -------------- • Portugal began to explore the world

6. Bartolomeu Dias • Portuguese captain • In 1487, he leads an expedition along the African coast • A storm blows his ship off course, when he lands he learns that he has sailed around the Southern tip of Africa • As Portugal sets up colonies in Africa, the African slave trade begins

8. Columbus’ Bold Idea • Christopher Columbus thought he could reach Asia by sailing west over the Atlantic • People thought he was crazy, some thought the Atlantic was 10,000 miles across • Columbus was a very skilled sailor • Columbus eventually gets King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to pay for his trip

9. Columbus Sets Sail • On August 3, 1492, Columbus sets sail with 3 ships from the Canary Islands • Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria • 90 sailors in all • After a month with no land, the men get nervous • On October 12, 1492 Columbus lands in the Bahamas • He thought he was in “the Indies” or Asia

10. Columbus Explores and Returns to Spain • Columbus explores the other islands, he calls the people “Indians” • He finds some gold and treasure and decides to return to Spain in 1493 • The Santa Maria sinks before he can go, he leaves 38 men behind at La Navidad (Haiti) • Natives destroy the town, everyone is killed • Columbus returns to Spain with a hero’s welcome – he is appointed Royal Governor of the Indies

11. Columbus’ Death • Columbus made 3 more trips to the Caribbean • He fought with Spanish officials and the King stripped him of his title of “Royal Governor” • In 1506, after 2 years of poor health, Columbus dies and very few people notice

12. Explorers After Columbus and Columbus’ Legacy 2.2

13. Vasco da Gama • Portugal chooses him to lead an expedition around Africa • He successfully sails around Africa to SW India • He builds trading forts in Africa, India, and China • Other nations decide to explore Columbus’ route

15. Amerigo Vespucci • An Italian explorer who reached South America with a Spanish expedition • He realizes there are more than just islands • He wrote many exaggerated stories about his travels • A German mapmaker publishes a book and map with Vespucci’s new continents • He calls them North and South America

16. Vasco Nunez de Balboa • Spanish explorer who hears of another sea over the mountains in the “new world” • He crosses Panama on foot and sees an ocean which he names the “South Sea” • Before he can sail to the “South Sea” he is executed for treason in 1519

17. Ferdinand Magellan • A Portuguese sea captain who thought he could sail west to Asia • Spanish officials give him 5 ships, he leaves in 1519 • He crosses the Atlantic and heads south, finally finding the Magellan Strait • After the strait, the sea turns calm and Magellan’s men call these new waters the Pacific (peaceful) Ocean • After reaching the Indies, Magellan is killed • 18 of his original 240 men make it back to Spain in 1522, becoming the first people to circumnavigate the globe • It took 3 years to go 40,000 miles • They actually made a profit from all of the cloves they brought back!

19. A Shift in Trade • The Atlantic Ocean became a gateway to Africa, America, and India. • Western and northern Europe becomes the center of world trade • Portugal comes to control 75% off the spice trade, Spain also profits • The Atlantic is also seen as the key to unlocking resources in America • In the 1500s Europeans cross the Atlantic to catch cod near Canada

20. The Columbian Exchange • The exchange of plants, animals, people and diseases between the Americas and the world, this started with Columbus in 1492 • Plants: corn, potatoes, tomatoes to Europe and wheat and barley from Europe to America • Animals: beaver pelts to Europe and cattle, horses and pigs to America • People: explorers, settlers, and slaves to America, some Indians were brought back to Europe • Disease: smallpox, measles, and typhus to America, minor diseases to Europe. This devastated Native Americans. • Significance: The Columbian Exchange changed the lives of people in the Americas. This was a very one-sided process with much more coming to America than going back to Europe/Africa/Asia.