Urine Examination/Analysis BioKit

1. Urine Examination/Analysis BioKit Carolina Biological $162.00

2. This lab will allow the student to test their own urine for color, pH, specific gravity, glucose, and protein. • An addition to the lab will allow studetns to learn how diet, drugs, and disease alter kidney function. • This lab would be used following discussions about the kidneys, kidney function, and the production of urine. • This lab also teaches urine testing methods and use of technology to test urine.

3. Materials Included • 30 Urine specimen containers • 2 Urine hyrdometers and jar sets • 30 Glass vials • 30 Dropping pipets • Jumbo pH stripes, wide range • 30 Clinictest tablets with chart • Biuret Reagent • 30 Student Guides

4. Materials Not Included but Needed • 10 mL Graduated Cylinder • Access to sinks (for hand washing)

5. Urine Hydrometers • Must be calibrated either before or during the lab. The teacher or the students may complete the calibration. • To calibrate hydrometers • Rinse hyrdrometers and jar throughly • Fill jar ¾ full of water • Place hyrdrometer in the jar without it touching the sides • Read the level of water on the hydrometer scale

6. Interpretting the Hydrometer • Hydrometers measure the specific gravity of a substance • Water has a specific gravity of 1.000 • If your hydrometer reading of water is not 1.000 you will need to alter your specific gravity of urine, when it is tested

7. EXAMPLE 1 • The measured specific gravity of water is 1.004 • The hydrometer reading is 0.004 too high • That amount (0.004) must be subtracted from the urine measurement to obtain the true specific gravity of the urine • 1.025 (measured urine value) - 0.004 (calibration factor) = 1.021 (specific gravity of urine) • EXAMPLE 2 • The measured specific gravity of water is 0.996 • The hydrometer reading is 0.004 too low • That amount (0.004) must be added to the urine measurement to obtain the true specific gravity of the urine • 1.017 (measured urine value) + 0.004 (calibration factor) = 1.021 (specific gravity of urine)

8. 5 Urinalysis Tests • Color • Normal color range is light yellow to amber • Color depends on the amount of urochrome found in the urine • Urochrome is produced as a result of hemoglobin brake down in unused/old red blood cells • Lighter and darker colors can be caused by food, drugs, and disease • Table 2 on the Student Sheet may be useful

9. pH • pH is the measure of H+ ions concentration, which indicates acidity and alkalinity • pH 7 = neutral • pH below 7 = acid • pH above 7 = base • Normal urine has a pH of 6.0 • Food and disease may affect urines pH • Table 3 on the Student Sheet may be useful

10. Specific gravity • Density of a solution compared to water • Urines specific gravity ranges from 1.010 to 1.025 • Varies do to fluid intake and disease

11. Glucose • Presence indicates diabetes mellitus • Severe metabolic disorder • Due to defective carbohydrate utilization • May be present after a large meal or during times of emotional stress

12. Protein • Small amounts of proteins are nomrally found in urine • Biuret reagent causes a color change in the presence of excessive protein • Diet and disease can affect protein levels