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Maps of the Mind Memory and Cognition Lecture 9

Maps of the Mind Memory and Cognition Lecture 9. Electrophysiological. Haemodynamic. Cognitive Neuroscience Methods…. of seeing inside the box of tricks…. Psychophysiology. Aim is to develop mind reading technologies

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Maps of the Mind Memory and Cognition Lecture 9

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  1. Maps of the MindMemory and Cognition Lecture 9

  2. Electrophysiological Haemodynamic Cognitive Neuroscience Methods… of seeing inside the box of tricks…

  3. Psychophysiology • Aim is to develop mind reading technologies • We are most interested in the PPY of Perception and Cognition. In other words, Cognitive Neuroscience • Can we tell what a person is thinking or experiencing just by looking at their brain activity?

  4. Phrenology Was Odd… • There is no known mechanism that would sculpt the contours of the skull according to underlying brain shape • i.e. there is no correlation between local contours of the skull and the underlying size or shape of the brain • Their psychological ‘model’ was based on common sense constructs of personality • I.e. Looking in the wrong place for the wrong thing!

  5. But not entirely wrong… • The idea of functional localisation has survived, but in a different form • Localisation does not respect character traits, like honesty, peevishness • Localisation may respect, for example, sensory modality, ‘cognitive systems’ (e.g. LTM), along with other psychological mechanisms yet to be elucidated

  6. Acceptable ‘modern’ principles of functional neuroanatomy • Functional Segregation • Discrete cognitive functions are localised to specific parts/circuits of the brain (complex tasks are ‘divided and conquered’) • Functional Integration • Coordinated interactions between functionally specialised areas (e.g. during retrieval from episodic memory, reading, perceptual binding etc)

  7. Where We At? • We want to read a person’s mind from the activity of their brain • Their mind is composed of lots of interacting cognitive processes • Each distinct process is carried out by networks of brain regions, each region is probably performing specific functions, but they all work together • So we need a device or a technique that can detect changes in brain activity specific to any cognitive process

  8. So What Do We Need? • In an experiment we (think we) engage different functions in different conditions. For every condition we • Detect rapid changes in neuronal activity (requires a temporal resolution of milliseconds, 1/100ths of a second) • Locate activity within brain structures that are engaged (may require an anatomical (spatial) resolution of millimeters or better) • Currently no such technique exists. Instead we rely on converging data from many techniques

  9. Electrophysiological Techniques • EEG • non-invasive recordings from an array of scalp electrodes

  10. AIR + 10uV - 0 1 2 TIME (sec) Averaging EEG produces ERPs DOG • Portions of the EEG time-locked to an event are averaged together, extracting the neural signature for the ‘event’. SHOE AVERAGE

  11. CONDITION A CONDITION B What do ERP waveforms tell us? + 5uV - INFORMATION ABOUT THE NEURAL BASIS OF PROCESSING IS PROVIDED BY THE DIFFERENCE IN ACTIVITY ONSET OF EVENT 0 1 2 TIME (seconds)

  12. Functional Inferences Based Upon Electrophysiology Early Topography • Timing • Upper limit on time it takes for neural processing to differ • Time course of a process (onset, duration, offset) • Level at which a process is engaged • Engagement of multiple processes at different times or in different conditions Late Topography

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