1 / 58

Horse Nutrition

Horse Nutrition . Horses are nonruminant herbivores that naturally spend 60-75% of their day grazing. Typically they ingest approximately 2% of their body weight (dry matter basis) per day while grazing. Main Nutrients . Water Energy Proteins Minerals Vitamins.

nevaeh
Télécharger la présentation

Horse Nutrition

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Horse Nutrition

  2. Horses are nonruminant herbivores that naturally spend 60-75% of their day grazing. • Typically they ingest approximately 2% of their body weight (dry matter basis) per day while grazing

  3. Main Nutrients • Water • Energy • Proteins • Minerals • Vitamins

  4. With domestication new alterations in feed, feed times, and methods have changed. • Starch cereals • Protein concenetrates • Dried forages • Confined more of the time in stalls • Smaller pastures • Fed 1-2 times per day • Resulting in about 40% of time eating

  5. Horses should have access to clean, fresh water at all times. A mature horse drinks on average 12-15 gallons a day. This will vary with the activity and temperature of the environment. For example: Summer-more Winter-less

  6. Important note: Hot, exhausted horses should wait 30 minutes before drinking water after heavy exercise. They are however, allowed to consume hay during this cooling down period.-Also owners should be aware that horses that consume more grains will need more water intake

  7. Nutrient requirements vary for your horse? • Measures in digestible energy (DE) and fed in kilocalories • Stage of Production • Maintenance • Work • Lactation • Pregnancy • Early growth • Age • Mature Size • Environment • Activity Level

  8. Equine Digestive System large colon stomach small intestine cecum descending colon esophagus hindgut foregut rectum • Mouth to anus = 100ft

  9. Equine Digestive System large colon stomach small intestine cecum descending colon esophagus hindgut foregut rectum • Mouth, esophagus, stomach = 3-4 feet • Stomach Capacity = 8-15 quarts

  10. Equine Digestive System large colon stomach small intestine cecum descending colon esophagus hindgut foregut rectum • Small intestine = 50-70 feet long • Small intestine capacity = 48 quarts (40-50L)

  11. Equine Digestive System large colon stomach small intestine cecum descending colon esophagus hindgut foregut rectum • Large intestine = 20 feet long • Large intestine capacity = 130 quarts (100L)

  12. Equine Digestive System large colon stomach small intestine cecum descending colon esophagus hindgut foregut rectum • Mouth breaks down food –increases surface area for enzyme action in the small intestine • Breaks down structural carbohydrates for bacterial fermentation in the large intestine • Wets feed with saliva--3 gallons per day- lubricates esophagus

  13. Equine Digestive System large colon stomach small intestine cecum descending colon esophagus hindgut foregut rectum • Stomach has 10% of the digestive system capacity • 2-18 hours retention • 2 regions: fundus and pylorus • Therefore horses are constant grazers

  14. Equine Digestive System large colon stomach small intestine cecum descending colon esophagus hindgut foregut rectum • In the small intestine we: break down carbohydrates to glucose, proteins to amino acids, fats to free fatty acids, and add bicarbonate.

  15. Large Intestine • Large volume capacity (100L) • Very slow transit time 50-63 hours • Responsible for 50% of metabolizable energy • Absorbs ~80L of water a day • B vitamins are produced by the bacteria and absorbed

  16. DIGESTION • Total process = 65 hours • 2-8 hours in the stomach • 2-8 hours in small intestine • 50-63 hours in large intestine DIGESTION

  17. Adjusted feeding based on an activity level. Maintenance feed levels can be based per 100 lb of weight (1-2%). Supplemental feeding over maintenance should be based on the level and duration of work. CTVT p.367

  18. Page 366 CTVT

  19. COMMON FEEDSTUFF % DM Mcal/# % Protein Alfalfa 90 .94 18 Brome 89 .80 11 Orchard 88 .85 11 Straw 91 .70 4 Oats 89 1.3 12 Corn 88 1.5 9

  20. Formulated diet for a horse ~5% fat 7-12% protein ~ 80% carbohydrates (major source of energy) Grass and hays foundation for feed

  21. Proteins (CP) expresses as %DM • Proteins convert the carbon chain of amino acids to intermediary acids and some to glucose. • Used in replacement and building of tissues • Can be expensive source of energy But can contribute to the demands of energy % DEPENDS ON ENERGY STATE OF INDIVIDUAL

  22. Fats Fats can aid in energy demands following hydrolysis to glycerol and fatty acids. Which can be converted to glucose and the fatty acid chain is broken down thru Beta oxidation in the mitochondria which will yield ATP and coenzyme A requiring tissue oxygen Not recommended to exceed 20% of total diet or 30% concentrate. Decreases palatability and results in loose stools

  23. Carbohydrates • Carb digestion and fermentation yield mostly glucose acetic, propionic, and butyric volatile fatty acids. • Comprise primary energy sources for many tissues.

  24. VITAMINS • Vitamin A--from green grass and green hay • A horse that grazes 4-6 weeks can build up 3-6 month supply of Vit A in the liver. Gestation and growing horses require more • Vitamin D--from forage • Vitamin E--from forage • Functions as a cellular antioxidant in conjunction with Vitamin A, needed for normal immune function. • Deficiency: equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy and equine motor neuron disease. (neurological disorders) • Vitamin K--from forage • SALT should be fed free choice

  25. MINERALS • Calcium- building blocks of the skeletal system • -major source from roughage • Average horse (500kg) will require ~20g a day • Phosphorus- • -major source from grains • Average horse (500kg) will require ~14g a day • We want the calcium to phosphorus ratio at 1.1:1 to 6:1

  26. Selenium Trace element needed to aid in antioxidant defense Closely involved with activity of Vitamin E Deficiencies: pale weak muscles and yellowing of the depot fat “white muscle disease” (in foals) Pregnant mares need to receive adequate amounts in their diet Highly toxic : skin, coat, hoof abnormalities

  27. Salt Blocks contain trace-mineralized salts (microminerals) needed as supplements, when they are not available in the horses diet.Sodium is principal determinant of the osmolarity of extracellular fluid- i.e volume

  28. Types of feed • Roughages- grasses, legumes(hay) -relatively low in energy >18% crude fiber Foundation of equine feeding program • Concentrates- cereal grain that may or may not have supplemented protein, minerals and vitamins -often used as a supplement if forage is insufficient (always introduce and change slowly) do not exceed 50:50 concentrate to roughage • Complete feeds- typically a mix of roughage and concentrate- (80% roughage to 20% concentrate) -feed is grinded down to a formulated pellet. All in one for and owner -risks of colic, choking, and wood chewing, coporophagy

  29. Chopped hay Pulp Flaked corn Pellets Bran Crimped oats/Sugar beets/Micronized flaked barley/Sweet feed

  30. Round bale of hay Avg. wt: tons Square Bale of Hay Avg. weight: 60 lbs

  31. This is called a flake of hay. A flake can weigh from 1.5 – 5 lbs.

  32. Quality of hay • Free of mold • Soft and pliable to touch • Leafy with fine stems • Pleasant, fragrant aroma • Bright green, not brown or yellow • Grasses that are not maintained well can result in decrease of %CP to less then 10%

  33. Dry Matter Intake • Most maintenance horses (this means pasture raised horses, not working horses) can be fed with hay: 1.5 to 1.8 lbs hay/100lbs (BW/Day) • Work increases the need for water, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium) and energy. Fiber aids in : GI activity Colonic blood flow Colonic mucosal cell growth and absorption

  34. Oats

  35. Corn (cracked or crushed)

  36. Wheat

  37. Sweet Feed

  38. Pelleted Feed

  39. http://horsevideolibrary.purinamills.com/

  40. The HaysMake sure you check the quality

  41. Quality • Forage quality varies greatly by soil quality, species of grass, season of the year, rainfall, overgrazing, pasture rotation, weed control and the presence of toxic weeds • Laboratory analysis of forage for moisture, energy, protein, fiber and microminerals and micronutrients is fundamental in assessing roughage nutrient control • Hay analysis is performed at little or not cost by regional agriculture extension services

  42. Coastal Bermuda Hay Bales

  43. Sudan Grass Hay

  44. Johnson Grass Hay

  45. Prairie Hay

  46. CTVT p.367

  47. The End!

  48. Critical Care Nutrition

  49. Critical care nutrition • Enterally or parenterally nutrition is sometimes required in critical patients. Nutritional support aids in quicker recovery time. • Horses can go 24-72 hours without food with little systemic effects. Unless stressed, the food deprivation has a greater effect

More Related