Eleanor Clarke Slagle and Herbert Hall

1. Eleanor Clarke Slagle and Herbert Hall Monique Desany, Chelsey Kaufman, Marta Monroe, & Janelle Norquist

2. Objectives • To highlight the legacy of Eleanor Clarke Slagle • Discuss her lasting impression on Occupational Therapy • Describe the Arts and Craft Movement and illustrate the connection between Elizabeth and Herbert • Explain Herbert Hall’s actions • Emphasize Herbert Hall’s impact on the profession

3. Arts and Crafts Movement • Early 20th century • A cure for the social ills of a society struggling to deal with the impact of the Industrial Revolution • Agrarian  manufacturing • Pride in workmanship  concern for profit (1)

4. Arts and Crafts Movement • The original philosophy was based on the conviction that industrialization had brought with it the total destruction of “purpose, sense and life” • Inspired by a crisis of conscience (1)

5. Arts and Crafts Movement • Advocated the power of handiwork as useful, important, a joy, and a pleasure • Opposed to mindless, repetitive activity on an assembly line • Simplification of life (now: stress reduction), but not being idle • Promoted the inherent satisfaction of making a product, as opposed to concern only for its profit • Valued the “craftsman ideal,” in which occupation is pursued at its own pace, not on a production schedule (1)

6. Eleanor Clarke Slagle “The integrity of the profession is in your hands” [ ] • 1871-1942 • Influenced by WWI • Extremely important figure in the development of Occupational Therapy as a profession • Large contribution in the mental health field • Founding member of National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy (NSPOT) – which would later become • AOTA.

7. Eleanor Clarke Slagle - Education • The Hull House was founded in 1889 in Chicago, IL by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr with the mission of providing community services and recreation to the poor and mentally ill. • The Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy was established at Hull House (1908) where Eleanor Clarke Slagle enrolled in 1910 to study social work. • She took courses where she learned games, arts, crafts, and hobbies which could be used to "reach” patients and promote mental health. Her education here laid the ground work for occupation as a curative measure for those who were mentally ill. • Eleanor Clarke Slagle graduated in 1911 and went on to work at Phipps Psychiatric Clinic in Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore under Adolf Meyer. She was the director of the "Occupational Therapy Department," and conducted classes for nurses in "handiwork for the dispensary patients.”[2] “Hull House, Wikipedia”

8. Eleanor Clarke Slagle’s Influence on Occupational Therapy: • Organized the first professional school for occupational therapists, the Henry B. Favill School of Occupations, in Chicago and served as director from 1915 to 1920. • Included in the program were craft activities and preindustrial and vocational work The program attempted to create a balance of work, rest, and play for mentally ill patients. • Established standards of education and helped lay the foundation for of the Occupational Therapy profession and its organization – she developed a 12 – month course of training in 1922 which was adopted in 1923 (Willard & Spackman) • Pioneered in developing OT in the State Department of Mental Hygiene in New York and then served as the director of the department. • Habit-Training: Developed during the Arts & Crafts movement with Adolf Meyer - based on the idea that life should be simplified and become as routine as possible. • Concepts: Habit training is based on the concepts of balance, order, and sequence of occupational cycles and habit forming as a learning process (balanced occupational cycle included alternating patterns of work, play, rest, and sleep over a 24-hour day). • Habit training became a method of re-educating mentally ill patients designed to help overcome disorganized habits, modify existing habits, and construct new ones with the goal of restoring and maintaining health. • Much of the ideology of habit training has been integrated into every mental health setting today

9. “The integrity of the profession lies in your hands” – Eleanor Clarke Slagle

10. The Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lectureship Award An academic honor established as a memorial to Eleanor Clarke Slagle • Background • The highest honor given by the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) • The award was established in 1955 as a memorial to Slagle, a pioneer in the field of occupational therapy. • Given annually to a member of the association who has “creatively contributed to the development of knowledge of the profession through research, education, and/or clinical practice” • First lectureship award was given in 1954 to Florence M. Stattell; Lecture was on the topic of Equipment Designed for Occupational Therapy Purpose: • ACKNOWLEDGE the advancement of theory, standards, and improved methods that enhance service • GIVE outstanding occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants a distinctive • ENABLE members to benefit from new knowledge, innovative perspectives, and significant developments in the profession.  • (AOTA.org)

11. Among the recipients… • Dr. Wendy Coster was awarded the Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lectureship in 2007 and delivered her lecture entitled "Embracing Ambiguity: Facing the Challenges of Measurement" at the AOTA Annual Conference in Long Beach, California.

12. Dr. Herbert J. Hall • 1870 – 1923 • A doctor who used making crafts as a medical tool therefore incorporated the ideas of the arts and craft movement into treatment (2)

13. Dr. Herbert J. Hall • He believed that the use of occupation could address the societal concerns that “many people are suffering in mind and body because of the attempt to accomplish too much, or from idleness which is not necessary” (Willard and Spackman)

14. Dr. Herbert J. Hall • Began studies of treatments to the “rest cure” of neurasthenia • Neurasthenia – “an abnormal condition that often follows depression, characterized by nervous exhaustion and a vague functional fatigue” (3) • Today, would be called “stress” or “burnout”

15. Dr. Herbert J. Hall • Assisted in his studies by Jessie Luther, OTR, the first curator of the Hull House Labor Museum • 1906 – received a $1,000 grant from the Procter Fund of Harvard University to “assist in the study of the treatment of neurasthenia by progressive and graded manual occupation” • This study was probably the first grant-funded research project on the use of occupation as a means of treating patients

16. Dr. Herbert J. Hall Results Occupations • 59 of 100 patients improved, 27 were much improved, and 14 received no relief (arts and crafts) • Handweaving, woodcarving, metalwork, and pottery (rec therapy)

17. Dr. Herbert J. Hall’s Influence on Occupational Therapy • Envisioned Occupation as Treatment • As opposed the concept of the “rest-cure,” Hall prescribed occupation for his patients as a way to help them regulate their lives and direct their interests. He called this the “work cure.” • Rather than seeing the psychoanalytic use of self-analysis as restorative, he saw this process as an unhealthy attention to one’s self-concern that only worsens function. • Occupation provided a redirecting of one’s thought down healthier channels, avoiding “useless self-analysis” (W&S p. 206) • Believed that nervous illness was due to an unbalanced lifestyle, and that synthesis could be achieved by a unity of thought and action. Engagement in meaningful occupation could resolve many of the patient’s problems.

18. Dr. Herbert J. Hall’s Influence on Occupational Therapy • Hall’s vision of service exemplifies the core values and attitudes of Occupational Therapy • Altruism • Equality • Freedom • Justice • Dignity • Truth • Prudence

19. Dr. Herbert J. Hall’s Influence on Occupational Therapy • The National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy • In 1921, Hall, then president of NSPOT, suggested that the name of the Society be replaced by the “crisper and more descriptive” American Occupational Therapy Association (peloquin) • In 1922, Hall articulated the goals of the Association and the service that it promoted

20. References • Arts and crafts • Susan Hall Anthony, Dr. Herbert J. Hall: Originator of Honest Work for Occupational Therapy 1904 – 1923, 2005, 19, 3, 21 – 32, Occupational Therapy in Health Care • Mosby’s • Willard and spackman • http://www.flatrock.org.nz/topics/history/march_of_the_machine.htm • Peloquin, S. M. (1991). Occupational therapy service: Individual and collective understandings of the founders, part 2 . American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45(8), 733-744. • Quick Reference Dictionary