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Neurotransmitter Release and Signal Transduction in Synaptic Communication

This overview covers the critical processes involved in neurotransmitter (NT) dynamics at synapses. It details NT synthesis, storage in vesicles, and how they are released from the presynaptic terminal into the synaptic cleft. The role of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors in generating excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials is explained, along with the mechanisms of neurotransmitter inactivation, including reuptake and enzymatic degradation. Additionally, the significance of autoreceptors and second messenger systems in neuromodulation is highlighted, showcasing the complexity of synaptic signaling.

nicholas-lamb
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Neurotransmitter Release and Signal Transduction in Synaptic Communication

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  1. Postsynaptic Membrane Presynaptic Axon Terminal Terminal Button Dendritic Spine

  2. (1) Precursor Transport

  3. _ _ _ NT (2) Synthesis enzymes/cofactors

  4. (3) Storage in vesicles

  5. NT Vesicles Terminal Button Dendritic Spine Synapse

  6. (4) Release Terminal Button Dendritic Spine Synapse Receptors

  7. Terminal Button Dendritic Spine AP Synapse

  8. Exocytosis Ca2+

  9. (5) Activation

  10. Quantum release Each vesicle contains one quanta of neurotransmitter (approximately 5000 molecules) –quanta release

  11. (3) Transmitter Inactivation Reuptake by presynaptic terminal Uptake by glial cells Enzymatic degradation Presynaptic receptor Diffusion Combination of above

  12. (6) Termination

  13. (1) Termination by... Diffusion

  14. (2) Termination by... Enzymatic degradation

  15. (3) Termination by... • Reuptake by presynaptic terminal • Uptake by glial cells

  16. (4) Termination by... Autoreceptors A

  17. 2. Receptor Activation • NS uses 40 families , act on 100 types of receptors; cause EPSPs and IPSPs, • Neuromodulators cause, via 2nd messengers,more complex metabolic effects in the PSM. • Ionotropicchannel • directly controls channel • fast • Metabotropic channel • second messenger systems • receptor indirectly controls channel ~

  18. Channel (1) Ionotropic Channels neurotransmitter NT

  19. NT Pore Ionotropic Channels

  20. Ionotropic Channels NT

  21. NT Ionotropic Channels

  22. Receptor Receptor b adrenergic -R trans- ducer trans- ducer primary effector primary effector adenylyl cyclase G protein: Protein Phosphorylation external signal: nt external signal: NT norepinephrine GS 2d messenger 2d messenger cAMP secondary effector secondary effector protein kinase

  23. A C R G GDP G protein: Protein Phosphorylation PK

  24. A C R G GTP G protein: Protein Phosphorylation ATP cAMP PK

  25. A C R G GTP Pore G protein: Protein Phosphorylation ATP P cAMP PK

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