TEST FIVE NOTES Mon 9/23/13

1. TEST FIVE NOTESMon 9/23/13

2. World History Standard 7The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture,politics, society, and economics.

3. ESSENTIAL QUESTION • What began the tie between the Church and the Franks? • Catholic

4. early 700’s AD Charles Martel ruler Frankish empire. 732 Muslims invaded Spain Charles Martel cavalry Tours in central France.

5. drove Muslims southward toward Spain. Franks won but realized danger of another Muslim attack.

6. Charles Martel died in 741, son Pepin III (Pepin the Short) kingdom. Pepin III king of all of France Pope of the Catholic church to crown him.

7. In 754, Pope Stephen III crowned Pepin III “King by the grace of God”. precedent. future Popes decided power to name and overthrow kings.

8. soon after Pepin led his army ItalyGermanic tribe Lombard’s. threatening city Rome Pope was worried they would overthrow Rome.

9. defeated Lombard’s gave the pope the land the Lombard’s had claimed. Donation of Pepin created the Papal States or the Vatican.

10. Charlemagne was the son of Pepin III. Charlemagne was king of the Franks from 768 – 814 and he is considered one of the greatest rulers in history.

11. Charlemagne spent much of his life at war. He defeated the Lombard’s again in Italy and the Saxons in northern Germany.

12. Avars, nomadic people - Huns, drove the Muslims back into Spain - small strip of Spain for the Franks. never conquer all of Muslim Spain.

13. Christmas 800 AD Charlemagne knelt in worship St Peter’s Church - Rome. pope Leo III - placed a crown on Charlemagne’s head and declared him the Emperor of the Romans.

14. had nothing to do Frankish/Roman Empires, Charlemagne was regarded as highly as the emperors of Rome emphasized the tie between the Franks and the Catholic Church.

15. Charlemagne’s empire divided into several regions region was ruled by a count. Each count formed armies and governed their land. • feudalism

16. Charlemagne’s capital was at Aix-la-Chapelle (now Aachen, Germany) but he traveled throughout his kingdom.

17. Charlemagne died his empire divided into three parts ruled by 3 of his grandsons, never learned to work together Frankish Empire was invaded by several groups.

18. ESSENTIAL QUESTION9/24 Tue • How did Charlemagne impact Europe?

19. A. Explain the manorial system and feudalism; include the status of peasants and feudal monarchies and the importance of Charlemagne. C. Explain the role of the church in medieval society.

20. Holy Roman Empire324 - Constantine creates capital in Byzantium (Anatolia)Constantine / MaximianConstantinople.

21. 799 – attempt on Pope’s life Leo III - meets w/ Charlemagne800 – son heir, proclaims Charlemagne EmperorEmperor Holy Roman Empire protection of Pope

22. Charlemagne – basically creates French and German monarchies. Father of Europe

23. Constantinople v Rome2 rulers & two churchesPope & Patriarch Roman CatholicGreek Orthodox Latin Speaking WestGreek Speaking East

24. Medieval Germany – Otto I (Otto the Great) 936 ADclose alliance w/ church Pope John XII962 controlled Italy and given title of emperor by Pope

25. German-Italian empire 1st called Roman Empire of the German NationHoly Roman Empire – strongest state in Europe until 1100’s

26. most feared of these invaders Scandinavia. Called themselves Vikings. English - Danes, and other groups called them Northmen or the Norse.

27. 800’s - Vikings invaded the Frankish Empire and other parts of Europe. A large group settled in northern France name Normandy. The French word for Northmen was Normans.

28. political system - continent of Europe called Feudalism. began when local lords had to govern their own lands since there was no central government.

29. wanting protection from possible invasions, would give their land to larger landowners. In return they were granted the use of the land, but had to provide troops for the larger landowner.

30. The person who granted the land was the Lord and the one who held land in return for services was a Vassal.

31. Wed 9/25EQ - How did Feudalism change the European way-of-life?

32. The vassal had more obligations. provide a certain number of fully equipped cavalrymen and foot soldiers and agreed to pay their expenses. Military service was usually limited to 40 days per year.

33. Another obligation of a vassal consisted of feudal aids – special payments to help cover extraordinary expenses of the lord. - ransom if the lord were captured in war.

34. also expected to house and feed the lord and his companions for a certain number of days a year, to attend ceremonies such as a wedding of a lords daughter, and to serve on the lords court as a minister of justice.

35. The grant of land was called a fief. The Latin word for fief is Feudum, from which comes the word feudal. In time the fief became hereditary.

36. In order to understand the relationship between Lord and Vassal you need to remember three things:

37. 1. It was an honorable relationship between legal equals. Only nobles could be vassals. In theory even the Lords were vassals to the King.

38. 2. The same man might be both Vassal and Lord. Vassal to a more powerful Lord above him, and Lord to a less powerful vassal below him.

39. 3. It was a very personal relationship. Each mans loyalties were owed only to the Lord directly above him, or the vassal directly below him.

40. Feudal justice was quite different from the Roman ideas of justice. Decisions at trials were made in one of three ways:

41. 1. Trial by battle. The accused and the accuser, or men representing them, fought a duel. The outcome determined guilt or innocence.

42. 2. Compurgation - , or oath taking. The accused and the accuser each gathered a group of people who swore that their man was telling the truth. Compurgators (the oath takers) were similar to the character witnesses of today’s trials. Then the judges decided.

43. 3. Ordeal – the accused carried a piece of hot iron in his hand, or walked through fire, or plunged his arm in a pot of boiling water to pick up a hot stone. If his wounds healed quickly he was judged innocent, if not he was guilty.

44. Fri – 9/27ESSENTIAL QUESTION • What was life like in the Middle Ages?

45. Christian missionaries first arrived in Ireland in the 400’s. St Patrick was the best known. He began his work there in 432.

46. 600 AD missionaries were sent to England by Pope Gregory I. Eventually all of England accepted Christianity. The first missionary to England was Augustine.

47. The economic basis of early medieval life was a large estate that included a village. This was called a manor. Most manors produced their own food, clothing, and leather goods. Very few items were imported in (iron, tar, etc.)

48. Each manor was run by a lord. And he had peasants to work the fields. The peasants paid for the use of the land by giving the lord part of their crops and by working his land too.

49. They also performed other services on the manor and paid taxes. A typical manor village had houses along a single street. The manor house or castle stood a distance away.

50. The village was usually located on a stream that furnished water power for its mill. The land from the manor extended out from the village. This land included vegetable plots, cultivated fields, pastures and forests.