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Understanding Biomolecules: Key Terminology and Functions

Biomolecules are essential chemicals of life, encompassing carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Key terms like monomers and polymers highlight the building blocks of these biomolecules. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides illustrate carbohydrates, while proteins are formed from amino acids through dehydration synthesis. Additionally, lipids, including saturated and unsaturated fats, play vital roles in energy storage. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are crucial for genetic information and protein synthesis. Metabolism encompasses catabolism and anabolism, facilitated by specific enzymes.

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Understanding Biomolecules: Key Terminology and Functions

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  1. BIOMOLECULES The chemicals of life

  2. TERMINOLOGY • MONOMER • A single or simple piece • EX: glucose • POLYMER • Many pieces put together • EX: starch

  3. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS • Putting monomers together to form polymers using chemical bonds. • Involves the loss of a water molecule. • Dehydration = loss of water • Synthesis = put together

  4. HYDROLYSIS • Breaking apart polymers by adding a water molecule. • Hydro = water • Lysis = split

  5. CARBOHYDRATES • Sugars and starches • “saccharides” • Three types: • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides

  6. MONOSACCHARIDES • Mono = single • Saccharide = sugar • GLUCOSE • Base unit for starch, cellulose and glycogen • C6H12O6 • Blood sugar

  7. MONOSACCHARIDES • GALACTOSE • Sugar found in milk • FRUCTOSE • Sugar found in honey

  8. DISACCHARIDES • Double sugar • Two monosaccharides bonded together • C12H22O11 sucrose

  9. DISACCHARIDES • SUCROSE • Glucose + Fructose • Table sugar • LACTOSE • Glucose + Galactose • Milk sugar • MALTOSE • Glucose + glucose • Sugar in beer

  10. POLYSACCHARIDES • Poly = many • Many simple sugars chemically bonded together • STARCH • Long strands of glucose • Storage molecule for plants • EX: Potatoes

  11. POLYSACCHARIDES • GLYCOGEN • Strands of glucose • Shorter than starch • Storage molecule for animals • CELLULOSE • Long strands of glucose • Found in wood, paper and cotton • Found in the cell walls of plants

  12. POLYSACCHARIDES

  13. PROTEINS • Long strands of amino acids • Approximately 20 different amino acids • Amino acids are joined by dehydration synthesis (water loss) to form peptide bonds • POLYPEPTIDE = chain of amino acids = protein • PROTEIN = many polypeptides

  14. LIPIDS • Fats • Hydrophobic • Fats and oils are composed of two kinds of molecules • Glycerol • Fatty acids • 1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids = Triglyceride

  15. LIPIDS • SATURATED FATS • From animal sources • All single bonds in tail • Solid at room temperature • UNSATURATED FATS • Oils • From vegetable or plant sources • Carbon double-bonded in tail, kinked • Fewer H in tail • Liquid at room temperature

  16. NUCLEIC ACIDS • DNA • Genetic material of organism • “Blueprint” • Found in cell nuclei • RNA • Functions in protein production DNA

  17. NUCLEIC ACIDS • MONOMER = nucleotides • Nucleotide = phosphate + 5-carbon sugar + nitrogen base • DNA 5-carbon sugar = deoxyribose • RNA 5-carbon sugar = ribose

  18. METABOLISM • The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism • CATABOLISM • Breaking down complex molecules into smaller ones. • ANABOLISM • Building more complex molecules from smaller.

  19. ENZYMES • Usually end with –ase • Protein • Lock and key mechanism • Each enzyme fits with a specific substrate • Name usually corresponds with molecule that it breaks apart.

  20. SPECIFIC ENZYMES • SALIVARY AMYLASE • In saliva • Breaks down starch chemically in the mouth • PROTEASE • Breaks down protein in the stomach • SUCRASE • Breaks down sucrose • LIPASE • Breaks down fat in the small intestine

  21. EMULSIFICATION • Break down of larger fat molecules into smaller particles. • EX: Dish soap emulsifies fats

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