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Milestones in Anatomy. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. Accumulation of facts No attempt at explanation. Ancient Egyptian Medicine. 1600-1550 BCE Ancient Egyptian papyri give details on disease, diagnosis, and remedies of disease, which include herbal remedies, surgery, and magical spells.
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Ancient Egyptian Medicine • Accumulation of facts • No attempt at explanation
Ancient Egyptian Medicine 1600-1550 BCE • Ancient Egyptian papyri give details on disease, diagnosis, and remedies of disease, which include herbal remedies, surgery, and magical spells. • Also distinguish organs such as the heart, liver, spleen, kidney, uterus and bladder
Ancient Egyptian Medicine • Early Egyptian medicine was based mostly on a mixture of magic and religious spells. Most commonly "cured" by use of amulets or magical spells, the illnesses were thought to be caused by spiteful behavior or actions. Afterwards, doctors performed various medical treatments if necessary.
Ancient Greek Medicine • Observations on wounded soldiers • More focused study by Hippocrates (450-377 BC)
Ancient Greek Medicine • Explained illness in terms of the 4 body humors (fluids). • Thought the humors were governed by air, water, fire, and earth • Healthy person had all four humors in balance.
Ancient Greek Medicine 500: • The first recorded medical dissection of a human body was performed by the ancient Greek philosopher and medical theorist Alcmaeon of Croton
Ancient Greek Medicine 400 • Hippocrates founded the Asclepiades, a school of medicine.
Ancient Greek Medicine 384-322: • Aristotle distinguishes between arteries and veins. He relies on teaching anatomy through “paradigms, schemata and diagrams” as well as animal dissection rather than the use of human cadavers.
Ancient Greek Medicine 280 • At this time cadaver dissection is allowed at the anatomy school in Alexandria. Herophilius, a Greek physician and early “Father of Anatomy,” studies the nervous system, reproductive organs, and blood vessels.
Ancient Greek Medicine 162 • The Greek scientist Galen moves to Rome and becomes a physician at the imperial court. He gained valuable experience as the attending physician at a gladiator school and was known for his brain and eye surgeries.
Medieval Anatomy • After the fall of the Roman empire, the study of anatomy became stagnant in Christian Europe but flourished in the medieval Islamic world. • Muslim scholars maintained and advanced the knowledge of Aristotle and Galen
Tibb al-Akbar manuscript Female figure Ca1650-1700 by Muhammad Akbar PersianPhysician 13
Renaissance = rebirth Resurrection of the comparative method Church allows human dissection for post-mortem investigations Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 AD
De Humani Corporis Fabrica Modern Early Anatomy
Designed dissecting instruments Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564 AD • Corrected Galen and Aristotle
17th and 18th Centuries • Because the study of anatomy concerned observation and drawings, the popularity of the anatomist was equal to the quality of his drawing talents, Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt
19th Century Anatomy A plate of the skull from the 1918 edition of Gray's Anatomy During the 19th century, anatomists largely finalized and systematized the descriptive human anatomy of the previous century.
Modern Anatomy • Anatomical research in the past hundred years has taken advantage of technological developments and growing understanding of sciences such as evolutionary and molecular biology to create a thorough understanding of the body's organs and structures.
Tissue Donation • People may be less confident that their wishes on what will happen to their body will be carried out, so instead have not donated to medical science when in the past they may have.
