1. Mineral Resources Mr. Clark BHS

2. Mineral Resources • Types of mineral resources • Finding and extracting mineral resources

3. Mineral Resources • Metallic • Non-metallic • Energy resources • Ores

4. Categories of Mineral Resources • Identified Resources • Undiscovered Resources • Reserves • Other

5. Locating Mineral Resources • Satellite and air imagery • Radiation detectors • Magnetometers • Gravity differences • Seismic surveys • Chemical analyses

6. Extracting Mineral Resources: Surface Mining • Open-pit mining • Dredging • Area strip mining • Contour strip mining

7. Extracting Mineral Resources: Underground Mining • Underground mining or subsurface mining • Room-and-pillar mining • Longwall mining

8. Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act was established 1977 • Mine lands must be restored to pre-mining conditions • Taxes on mining companies to restore pre-1977 sites • Limited success

9. Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources • Disruption of land surface • Subsidence • Erosion of solid mining waste • Acid mine drainage (AMD) • Air pollution • Storage and leakage of liquid mining waste

10. Environmental Effects of Mining Mineral Resources Fig. 16-14 p. 344

11. Environmental Impacts of Mining Mineral Resources Surface mining Subsurface mining • Overburden • Room and pillar • Spoil • Longwall • Open-pit • Dredging Refer to Figs. 15-4 and 15-5, p. 341 and 342 • Strip mining

12. Processing Mineral Resources • Ore mineral • Gangue • Tailings • Smelting

13. Smelting Separation of ore from gangue Melting metal Conversion to product Metal ore Recycling Discarding of product Surface mining Scattered in environment

14. Supplies of Mineral Resources • Economic depletion • Depletion time • Foreign sources • Environmental concerns • Economics • New technologies • Mining the ocean • Finding substitutes

15. Open Pit Mine

16. Dredging

17. Area Strip Mining

18. Contour Strip Mining

19. Ventilation shaft Main shaft Lift cage Shaft Coal seams Pumps Underground Coal Mine

20. Room-and-pillar

21. Longwall Mining of Coal

22. Transition from Peat to Lignite to Bituminous to Anthracite

23. U. S. Coal Deposits Yellow = Anthracite Blue = Sub Bituminous Orange = Bituminous Green = Low Volatile Bituminous Purple = Lignite

24. Major Coal fields in USA

26. Canadian Coal Deposits

28. Strip Mining for Coal

29. Open Pit and Spoil Bank

30. Strip Mine and Reclaimed Land

31. Coal Drag Line

32. World’s Largest Open Pit Copper Mine- Bingham Mine, Utah

33. Open Pit Gold Mine - Nevada

34. Bingham Canyon Mine and Tailings, Utah

35. Bingham Canyon Open Pit Copper Mine Shovel and Truck Trucks at Crusher

36. Shovel and Truck

37. Ore Being Delivered to Crusher for Transport to Smelter 5 Miles Away

38. Tailings Piles – Bingham Mine

39. Mine Tailings

41. Underground Coal Mine

44. Sterling Hill Zinc Mine, Franklin, New Jersey

46. Knox Mine Before Disaster

47. Room and Pillar Mine

48. Sink Hole – Cargill, Kansas

49. Sink Hole

50. Cross Section of Sink Hole