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Post WWI- Pre WWII

Post WWI- Pre WWII. Ms. Selvaggio. Paris Peace Conference. Held at the Palace at Versailles beginning January 8, 1919. 32 countries were represented, but major decisions were made by a group known as The Big Four Germany and Russia were NOT represented. The Big Four. From left to right…

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Post WWI- Pre WWII

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  1. Post WWI- Pre WWII Ms. Selvaggio

  2. Paris Peace Conference • Held at the Palace at Versailles beginning January 8, 1919. • 32 countries were represented, but major decisions were made by a group known as The Big Four • Germany and Russia were NOT represented

  3. The Big Four From left to right… • Great Britain’s David Lloyd George • Italy’s Vittorio Orlando • France’s Georges Clemenceau • U.S. President Woodrow Wilson

  4. The big four each wanted very different things • GB anf Fr. wanted to punish Germany harshly • U.S. wanted peace. President Wilson proposed a plan known as the Fourteen Points. • Point # 14 called for the creation of an association of nations to protect “great and small states alike”- an organization that could peacefully negotiate world conflicts

  5. Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919 • Major points of the treaty were: • Creation of the League of Nations • basically this was Wilson’s 14th point. It is an international peace org. designed to keep peace among nations-Russia and Germany were excluded.

  6. Article 231, the “war guilt” clause • Placed sole responsibility for the war on Germany’s shoulders • Ger. had to pay heavy reparations (money) • They lost pieces of land/colonies • Had the size of their army limited

  7. The Legacy of WWI The bitterness left over from the negotiations of the Treaty of Versailles, coupled with serious economic trouble in Europe and the U.S. would help to create the atmosphere to stage WWII.

  8. Weimar Republic • The government that took over in Ger. after WWI- it was weak from the start. • This government was blamed for the way Germany was treated after WWI and the major economic problems that Germany faced

  9. Because of the war guilt clause, the amount of money that Germany had to pay to the allied nations was placing them in debt. • Had to borrow tons of money from the U.S. • Printed more and more paper money (marks). Because of this over-printing, the mark became worthless. • i.e. price of bread in Ger. in 1918: less than one mark. In 1922: more than 160. In 1923: about 200 billion

  10. German marks lose their value • A woman uses piles of German marks to burn in her furnace for heat.

  11. Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929 • U.S. stock market crashes but has a major impact on the whole world… • U.S. investors pull money out of overseas projects • Banks who gave loans to European nations ask for their money back • U.S. demand for foreign goods took a sharp decline.

  12. 1931- Depression Spreads to Europe • U.S. Banks ask Germany and Austria for their money (from loans) • Germany and Austria can’t pay the reparations of the treaty to France and Britain. • France and Britain could not pay war loans back to America

  13. By 1932- unemployment at 25% in U.S. • 30% in Germany • France & Britain forced their colonies (in Africa & India) to buy only their products • World Trade dropped by 62%

  14. The Rise of Fascism in Europe • Fascism - emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to the leader. • Though many democratic governments (U.S., GB, Fr.) stayed strong during the depression, many Europeans lost faith in this type of gov.

  15. The militant political movement, Fascism, became popular because Fascist leaders promised to… • Punish the people responsible for hard times • Restore national pride But mostly they promised to… • Pull their countries out of economic depression

  16. Benito Mussolini • A newspaper editor/politician that promised these things for Italy • Founded the fascist party there in 1919

  17. In October 1922, 30,000 fascists marched to Rome to demand that the king put Mussolini in power. • The King agreed and allowed him to form a legal government • As “Il Duce” (the leader) he abolished democracy and all other political parties except the fascists.

  18. Adolf Hitler • At the End of WWI a former German soldier named Adolf Hitler settled in Munich. • Joined a group who believed that the Treaty of Versailles should be overturned and that communism should be combated. This group called themselves…

  19. National Socialist German Workers PartyNazi for short • Nazism was basically German fascism • They were popular among the middle and lower classes • Nazis promised jobs jobs for all • Popular among land owners • They feared communism

  20. The Swastika • Hindus, • Buddhists, • Native American Tribe -symbol of good-luck or well-being, but… • Because of its use by the Nazi party, it has a negative meaning in many western cultures.

  21. Hitler’s skills as public speaker and organizer helped the Nazis gain power. • Copying Mussolini, the Nazis wanted to sieze power in Munich, 1923

  22. Beer Hall Putsch • Hitler and the Nazis made their move on Munich in November of 1923, but things didn’t go so well • Hitler was arrested and tried for treason • Sentenced to 5 years • Served less than 9 months • During his time in prison, he wrote a book…

  23. Mein Kampf • Means “My Struggle” • Used the book to express his ideas and goals for Germany • It became a blueprint for the Nazi party • People, at first, did not take him, his book or ideas seriously

  24. Nazi Beliefs • They hated the communists • Germans, especially “blond & blue-eyed” were “aryans” or the “master race” • Germans, Scandinavians, Britons • Non-aryans, i.e. Italian, French, Slavs, Gypsies • only fit to be slaves for the master race • Reserved most intense hatred for Jews

  25. The Treaty of Versailles was a slap in the face to Germany and needed to be overturned • Wanted to retake the lands that were once German. • Poland • Germany needed more “lebensraum” (living space) • invade and conquer Eastern Europe and Russia.

  26. Germany had been making a small comeback , so most Germans ignored Hitler and his extreme politics. Then the depression hit… • America stops loaning money and the German economy collapses • Factories and banks close • 30% (about 6 million people) of the German workforce are unemployed in 1932 Scared, they turn to Hitler for security and strong leadership.

  27. Hitler was made Chancellor in March 1933 • 1934: • Hitler made himself “der Fuhrer”- “The Leader” • Refers to Germany as the “Third Reich” -“Third Empire”

  28. Nazis implemented public works projects • Increased business • Lowered unemployment • Urged women to return to “Kinder, Kirche, Kuche” (Children, Church, & the Kitchen) • Took away some of people’s liberties • People thought that it was ok as long as their economy was ok

  29. Essential Question • Should the needs of society outweigh the rights of the individual?

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