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Understanding Informal Reasoning and Common Fallacies

This guide delves into informal reasoning and various logical fallacies, including "Ad Ignorantiam," which asserts that a claim is true simply because it hasn't been disproven. We explore historical instances, like the Communist witch hunts led by Senator Joe McCarthy, illustrating fallacious reasoning. Other fallacies like "Post hoc ergo propter hoc," "Ad hominem," and "Circular reasoning" are examined to showcase how flawed arguments can lead to incorrect conclusions. We emphasize the importance of evidence and critical thinking to avoid binary thinking in complex debates.

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Understanding Informal Reasoning and Common Fallacies

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Informal Reasoning

  2. Fallacies

  3. Ad Ignorantiam: Something is true on the grounds that there is no evidence to disprove it. • The Communist witch hunt in the 1960’s • “ There is nothing in his files to say he is not a communist” • Senator Joe McCarthy

  4. Post hoc ergo propter hoc • A follows B then B must be the cause of A • Murder rate goes up after the abolition of capital punishment, therefore can we say that capital punishment is an effective deterrent • It could be the case but we need more evidence

  5. Smoking causes causes

  6. Explain this • As the number of churches in American cities increase so does the number of prostitutes!!!

  7. Ad hominem • You attack the supporters of an argument • You may have a vested interest in something but that does not mean you cannot be fair.

  8. Circular reasoning • Assuming the truth in something you are supposed to be proving • Page 126 in book

  9. False Dilemma • Assuming there are only 2 ways of solving something when there are other options • Binary thinking • Pro life/ pro choice

  10. Fallacies

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