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16.0 Geothermal Energy

16.0 Geothermal Energy. Frank R. Leslie, B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology, LS IEEE 3/18/2010, Rev. 2.0.2 fleslie @fit.edu; (321) 674-7377 www.fit.edu/~fleslie. Oil ~$80 on 3/18/2010. In Other News . . . .

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16.0 Geothermal Energy

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  1. 16.0 Geothermal Energy Frank R. Leslie, B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology, LS IEEE 3/18/2010, Rev. 2.0.2 fleslie @fit.edu; (321) 674-7377 www.fit.edu/~fleslie Oil ~$80 on 3/18/2010

  2. In Other News . . . • Engineering firm Strategic Energy Solutions Inc. has moved into a new headquarters in Berkley MI that the owner hopes to use as a showcase for clients for state-of-the-art geothermal heating and cooling technology. • A 4,000 square-foot adjacent warehouse will house a new geothermal installation business unit. • Six geothermal pumps buried underneath a rear parking lot serve the two buildings with about 20 tons of heating and cooling capacity – the equivalent of eight to 10 homes. 100323

  3. 16 Overview: Geothermal • Geothermal energy is present within the land and the sea • Internal heat is from initial world accretion from gathering dust and compression of the earth and from radioactive decay • This energy can be useful in heating and cooling of air and water, but is somewhat costly to use • Active geyser areas are limited in area, but provide much hotter water or steam • The energy is inexhaustible in principle, yet local extraction will cool the immediate area in a few years • Extraction of energy from deep (~20,000 ft) hot rock is not economic yet 080317

  4. 16.0 Definitions: Geothermal Energy • HDR – Hot, dry rock: has no natural steam but may receive injected water to emit steam • Head – the height of water – the hydraulic height of the water (1 psi = 2.31 ft H2O) • For artesian wells, the height that the water will stand above ground level in a pipe • Heat Quality – the temperature of the heat • Ground Source Heat Pump – extracts from ground or rejects heat to ground to/from and air conditioning heat pump 080317

  5. 16.0 Geothermal Energy • Active geysers supply steam or hot water for heating in The Geysers, California (824 MWe) • “Hot, dry rock” (HDR) offers potential for injecting water and using the resultant steam to spin a turbine • At a lower thermal level, an air conditioner can extract heat from the ground for winter heating or insert energy into the ground to gain a more efficient cooling sink www.eren.doe.gov/geothermal/ geysers20.html Nearby Calistoga (started 1862) has tourist spas with hot water from springs;also palm reading, water treatments, psychics, mud baths, etc. 060320

  6. 16.0 About This Presentation • 16.1 History • 16.2 Sources • 16.3 High Temperature Systems (Steam) • 16.4 Low Temperature Systems (Heat Pumps) • 16.5 Issues and Trends • 16.0 Conclusion 060306

  7. 16.1 History • Paleo-American Indians used hot springs in this area • Hot Springs, Arkansas had $1 hot baths in 1830 • First electricity (20kW) from geothermal produced from natural steam in Larderello, Italy in 1904 [Kruger, 1973] • New Zealand’s north island gets 6% of its electricity from geothermal energy • 1920: test boring in Niland CA • 1922: electricity generation in The Geysers • 1950: 95°F, 220kW generating plant in Katanga • The Geysers CA expanded to 600MW in 1975 http://www.geothermie.de 070315

  8. 16.2 Source of Geothermal Energy • Heat stems from radioactive disintegrations of atomic nuclei [Sorensen, 2000], initial cooling from agglomeration in planet formation, and other various processes • Hot spots occur where strong convective magma circulation is occurring, usually near continental plate boundaries and mountainous regions • Hot dry rock, the most common type, retains convective heat • Storage in a developed area may be depleted in 50 years 040322

  9. 16.2.1 Sources of Geothermal Energy The western states have most of the higher temperature energy http://sol.crest.org/renewables/SJ/geothermal/images/510-t.gif 040317

  10. 16.2.1 Sources of Geothermal Energy http://geothermal.inel.gov/maps/west_usa.jpg 100203

  11. 16.2.1 Sources of Geothermal Energy • U.S. Geothermal power plant locations: 1. The Geysers; 2, Salton Sea; 3. Heber; 4, East Mesa; 5. Coso; 6. Casa Diablo; 7, Amedee; 8, Wendel; 9. Dixie Valley; 10. Steamboat Hot Springs; 11. Beowawe Hot Springs; 12. Desert Peak; 13, Wabuska Hot Springs; 14. Soda Lake; 15, Stillwater; 16. Empire and San Emidio; 17, Roosevelt Hot Springs; 18, Cove Fort. 040317

  12. 16.2.2 Mammoth Pacific Power Plant, CA “Located in the eastern Sierra Nevada mountain range in California, showcases the environmentally friendly nature of geothermal power.” ---- ASES policy, 2005

  13. 16.3 High Temperature Systems • These areas are associated with the “Ring of Fire” volcanic activities around the Pacific Rim Basin • Geyser-temperature steam is contaminated with salts that cause corrosion of turbines or engines • Removing these salts to protect the machinery is costly • Types of geothermal systems • Direct from steam underground • Flash-steam systems take in deep-well hot water (high enthalpy) that is above the boiling point to heat clean water into steam in a heat exchanger • Binary systems that heat a low-boiling-point fluid like butane or propane to drive a closed-loop turbine 100323

  14. 16.4 Low Temperature Heat Extraction/Rejection • The classic use of earth/water is as a heat sink or source for air conditioning or heating • Pipes embedded in the earth carry refrigerant or water and conduct heat from the hotter to cooler substance • Since the earth (or water) has a high specific heat in comparison with air, there is good thermal transfer • In winter, heat is extracted from the earth by the chilled refrigerant, while in the summer, the hot refrigerant conducts heat to the earth • Houses have been built partially underground to moderate the winter and summer temperatures • Dennis Weaver built an “Earthship” house with used tires, aluminum cans, and stucco 050324

  15. 16.4.1 Basic Refrigeration Concept • Specific heats determine the storage of thermal energy • Air – 0.018 Btu per cubic foot • Water – 62.42 Btu per cubic foot, or 3472 times higher • Heat pumping works through phase change of the refrigerant; boiling to gas or condensing to liquid • Typical refrigerants have boiling points of -40 degrees F • When the refrigerant is compressed, heat is released and it liquefies; when decompressed through an expansion valve, it cools as it changes to a gas • Reversing the direction of refrigerant travel through the system changes operation from an air conditioner to a heat pump 050324

  16. 16.4.2 Basic Refrigeration Diagram http://www.popsci.com/ • Long pipes buried in the ground carry water to and from a heat exchanger • The refrigerant absorbs heat from or rejects heat to the water http://www.geothermalheatpump.com/how.htm 030322

  17. 16.5 Issues and Trends • HDR (hot, dry rock) cools locally as the temperature falls with energy extraction • Wells may require redrilling to find new hot regions and to let more heat enter the depleted region • Since the locations are limited, this source of energy may not be economically available • Extraction often requires fracturing of deep rock layers to allow water in and steam out • Since sources are geographically limited, the energy is best used locally; too difficult to pipeline elsewhere 050324

  18. 16.C Conclusion: Geothermal • Geothermal energy is limited in extent as extracting the heat usually exceeds the replenishment rate • Hot, dry rock (HDR) is widespread and offers new resources in areas where geyser activity is unknown • Direct low-temperature heat transfer for home systems is practical as long as low maintenance is designed into the system • Sources of high temperature water or steam are limited and the cost of extraction, maintenance, and operation will remain high in comparison with other sources of energy • Geothermal energy likely to remain at 1% of world energy [Kruger, 1973] 050324

  19. Questions? Olin Engineering Complex 4.7 kW Solar PV Roof Array 080116

  20. References: Books • Boyle, Godfrey. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-26178-4. (my preferred text) • Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992. 0-262-02349-0, TJ807.9.U6B76, 333.79’4’0973. • Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991 • Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1993. 0-930031-64-4, TJ820.G57, 621.4’5 • Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351 pp. ISBN 0-8493-1605-7, TK1541.P38 1999, 621.31’2136 • Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0-12-656152-4. • Texter, [MIT] • Kruger, Paul and Carel Otto, eds. Geothermal Energy. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1973, 333.7 0-8047-0822-3. • Bockris, J. O’M. Energy – The Solar-Hydrogen Alternative. NY: John Wiley & Sons1975. ISBN 0-4700-08429-4. 333.7. TJ810.B58 090320

  21. References: Websites, etc. http://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/ Government Lab http://www.geothermalheatpump.com/how.htm Good explanation of practical use http://www.acmehowto.com/howto/appliance/refrigerator/overview.htm University of Nevada at Reno Desert Research Institute http://www.bnl.gov/est/MEA.htm Brookhaven Laboratories http://geothermal.inel.gov/ INEEL http://www-esd.lbl.gov/ER/geothermal.html Lawrence Livermore Labs http://www.sandia.gov/geothermal/ Sandia National Labs http://www.nrel.gov/geothermal/ National Renewable Energy Labs http://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/webresources.html More Resources ______________________________________________________________________________________________ geothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energy mailto:energyresources@egroups.com rredc.nrel.gov/www.dieoff.org. Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population www.ferc.gov/ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html http://www.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/history.html http://www.consrv.ca.gov/DOG/geothermal/index.htm ftp://ftp.consrv.ca.gov/pub/oil/maps/Geothermal/G3-1.pdf http://www.dennisweaver.com/habitat.html http://www.worldbank.org/html/fpd/energy/geothermal/ 050324

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