Attitude Instrument Flying

1. Attitude Instrument Flying

2. Terminal Learning Objective: Interpret flight instrument indications needed to maintain aircraft attitude during IFR flight. Condition: In a classroom with an instrument panel. Standard: Answer questions pertaining to aircraft flight instrument indications.

3. Safety Requirements: None Risk Assessment Level: Low Environmental Considerations: None. Note: It is the responsibility of all soldiers and DA civilians to protect the environment from damage. Evaluation: You will be evaluated on examination 56 on TD 55.

4. Attitude Instrument Flying • Control of an aircraft’s spatial position by using instruments rather than outside visual references. • Proper instrument interpretation is the basis for helicopter control. • Know how a particular instrument functions so you can translate that information into a control response.

5. VMC (Visual reference Points)

6. IMC (Flight Instruments) Proper Instrument Interpretation is the Basis for Aircraft Control REQUIRES SKILL !!! Uh-Oh!

7. Three Fundamental Skills Instrument Interpretation Cross Checking Aircraft Control

8. Cross Checking Scanning and monitoring two or more instruments to determine the attitude and performance of the aircraft.

9. Six Basic Flight Instruments • Attitude indicator • Altimeter • Airspeed indicator • Heading Indicator • VSI • Turn and Slip

10. Three Fundamental Skills • Scan: The instruments included in the scan are dependent upon the maneuver performed. • Practice !! Cross Checking

13. Three Fundamental Skills Cross Check Errors: Fixation: Staring at one instrument too long. Omission: Inadvertently omitting an instrument from the cross check. Emphasis: concentrating too heavily on one or two instruments during the cross check.

14. INSTRUMENT INTERPRETATION Primary Instruments Supporting Instruments

15. Basic flight Instruments • Direct indicating instrument Attitude Indicator • Indirect indicating instruments Vertical Speed Indicator Altimeter Airspeed Indicator Heading Indicator Torque meter

16. Rule #1 CONTROL THE AIRCRAFT

17. Rule #2 Attitudeof the aircraft Power + Performance =

18. Control Instruments • Attitude Indicator • Torquemeter Gauge

19. Performance Instruments Altitude: Altimeter Vertical Speed Indicator Airspeed: Airspeed Indicator Direction: HSI/RMI Turn and Slip

20. Flight Axis Vertical Axis (Yaw) PITCH The angular relationship of the longitudinal axis to the natural horizon. The aircraft’s attitude rotates around the lateral axis. Longitudinal Axis (Bank / Roll) Lateral Axis (Pitch)

21. Attitude Indicator Direct indication of aircraft pitch attitude Provides Simultaneous Pitch & Bank indications Supporting instrument for pitch attitude

22. 10° Nose Up/Down 5° Nose Up/Down Horizon Miniature aircraft

23. PITCH INDICATIONS NOSE LOW

24. PITCH INDICATIONS HIGH NOSE

25. Primary pitch attitude instrument. ALTIMETER Indicates height above MSL.. Calibrated to convert atmospheric pressure to an altitude indication

26. 298 299 NOSE LOW DESCENDING

27. 298 299 CLIMBING NOSE HIGH

28. ACCURACY & RELIABILITY CHECKED PRIOR TO EACH IFR FLIGHT MUST BE WITHIN +/- 70 FEET OF FIELD ELEVATION WHEN SET TO AIRFIELD BAROMETRIC PRESSURE Reference – FM 3-04.240 paragraph 1-10, page 1-4

29. Set Altimeter to Field Elevation Before Engine Start 298 299

30. Reads 29.85 in HG 298 299 KOLLSMAN WINDOW

31. 298 298 299 299 Now set 29.90 Altimeter error with Kollsman window set to 29.85” and field altimeter setting from ATIS 29.90. (Rotors turning) 29.90 - 29.85 = 0.05 ( 50 feet error)

32. Vertical Speed Indicator Supporting Pitch Indicates Climb/Descent in Feet Per Minute *IVSI no lag but affected by turbulence VSI - has 6 - 9 sec lag

33. Vertical Speed Indicator 500 FPM Climb 500 FPM Descent 1000 FPM Climb

34. Nose low Descending Nose high Climbing Decelerating Accelerating Airspeed Indicator Supporting Pitch attitude instrument level flight Indirect pitch indicator

35. Bank Attitude • Angular relationship of the lateral axis to the horizon. • The aircraft attitude rotates around the longitudinal axis.

36. Primary Bank Instrument Initially Supporting Pitch

37. RIGHT TURN

38. NOSE HIGH LEFT TURN

39. Indirect Indicating Instruments used in Controlling Bank Attitude • Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) • Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) • Magnetic Compass • Turn and Slip Indicator

40. I N D I C A T O R S H E A D I N G RMI HSI Indications in a LEFT turn Primary Bank Instrument

41. RMI HSI Indications in a Right turn Primary Bank Instrument

42. Magnetic Compass N 33 30 3 6 Turn Leftto heading 330° Turn Rightto heading 030°.

43. Types of Turns • Standard rate • Half standard rate • Steep turns

44. 12 - 15 degrees @ 90 KTAS = 3°/second RIGHT TURN Standard Rate

45. 12 - 15 degrees @ 90 KTAS = 3°/sec LEFT TURN Standard Rate

46. 2 MIN TURN Primary/Supporting Bank Instrument

47. Characteristics of a Standard Rate Turn • Bank angle 12° to 15° • Turn rate 3° per second • Used for heading changes of 20° or more. 2 MIN TURN

48. 2 MIN TURN Standard Rate

49. Half Standard Rate

50. Characteristics of a Half Standard Rate Turn • Bank angle 6° to 71/2° • Turn rate 11/2° per second • Used for heading changes of less than 20°. 2 MIN TURN