1 / 8

Employment

Employment. Trends. Trends in employment level Total employment How does it look like since WWII Employment rate = (employment/working-age population) How does it look like since WWII How? Men out, women in Shifts in composition of employment Fishing Agriculture

norina
Télécharger la présentation

Employment

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Employment Trends

  2. Trends in employment level • Total employment • How does it look like since WWII • Employment rate • = (employment/working-age population) • How does it look like since WWII • How? • Men out, women in • Shifts in composition of employment • Fishing • Agriculture • Manufacturing (good-producing) • Service • Government • Non-government

  3. Now, about ¾ in services • All around the world • Why the big change? • Relative productivities • Real incomes and necessities/luxury goods • Contracting services out and accounting for that • Globalization and “outsourcing” • Many (not all) services are difficult to outsource • Services as inputs

  4. Shifts in occupations • More • Managerial • Clerical • Sales • Communication • Finance • Less • Manufacturing • Mechanical • Unskilled • Transportation • Primary • Same • Construction

  5. Shifts in modes • Non-standard employment • Not full-time, not full-year, not permanent paid • Part-time • Less than 30 hrs/week • About 12% in 1970s • About 20% in 2000s • Strong gender bias - women • Mostly service sector • Many may be underemployed • Would prefer full time

  6. Multiple jobholding (moonlighting) • Gender bias – men (3/4) • But women increase (sign of underemployment?) • Age bias - young • Trend to multi-career • Main reason reported is financial • Own-account self-employment • Working on your own without paid employees • Gender bias – men • Age bias – older

  7. Temporary work • Term and contract 1/2 • Gender bias - men • Casual and on-call 1/4 • Gender bias - women • Seasonal 1/4 • Gender bias – men • Bad data due to changing definitions • Why the increase? • Demographic changes – not clear • Businesses trying to go around regulations • Payroll tax • Mandated benefits • Globalization and flexibility • Functional flexibility • Numerical flexibility

  8. Trends in hours of work • DOWN • 1900, about 59 hrs/week • Now, about 38 hrs/week • Why? • Growing productivity and leisure time as luxury

More Related