Warm Up – March 2

1. Warm Up – March 2 • Grab the handout from the front table and answer the following questions on a post it: • 1. Describe a difference in the Mongol invasions in Russia and Northern China • 2. Describe the administrative policies of the Mongols in China (who was able to have the higher ranking positions, who took the lower positions in government) • 3. Describe the Mongols Religious policies? Which religions existed within the Mongol Empire? • 4. What was the major goal of the Mongols in China? What did they need to do with aspects of China’s administrative policies and culture in order to achieve this goal? • 5. Why did the Mongols conquer Russia but not stay in Russia?

2. The Mongol Military • Genghis Khan reorganized the entire social structure of the Mongols into military units • Of 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 warriors • Allowed for effective control and command • Conquered tribes = broken up and dispersed throughout these units

3. The Mongol Military • Displayed incredible discipline and loyalty • People that deserted their unit in battle = put to death • Unit leaders fought alongside their men • ALL Mongols benefited from the wealth that flowed into the Mongol Empire from conquered civilizations

4. The Mongol Military • Conquered people were incorporated into the military • Nomads = put into the cavalry • Settled peoples = infantry and artillery forces • Other conquered people served as laborers  built roads and bridges, carried supplies, etc. • Artisans and craftsmen = typically spared from massacre, enslaved, and put to work

5. The Mongol Military • Brutal and ruthless military tactics • All who resisted Mongol rule = slaughtered along with their wives, children, and dependents • Cities destroyed • Their brutality worked as psychological warfare also  many of those that heard about the Mongols were afraid and voluntarily surrendered

6. Mongol Efficiency • Mobilized human and material resources • Detailed census taking • Knew how many people they controlled and what resources were available to them • Allowed them to effectively tax the people • Set up an effective system of relay stations • Provided for rapid communication • Fostered trade • Centralized government • Various government offices • Scribes translated laws into the various languages people spoke throughout the empire

7. Mongolian Economic Policies • Wanted to foster trade • Allowed merchants free use of their relay stations • Often offered merchants 10% more than their asking price

8. Mongolian Administrative Policies • Mongols held the highest decision-making posts • Chinese and Muslim officials held many advisory and lower-level positions Ancient Mongol capital = Karakorum

9. Mongolian Religious Policies • Total religious toleration  as long as religion wasn’t the cause of political opposition • Major religions throughout the Mongol Empire = Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Daoism

10. China and the Mongols • Most difficult and lengthy conquest for the Mongols • Took 70 years (1209 to 1279) to conquer • Violently conquered northern China  then controlled by various nomadic states • More peacefully conquered southern China  then controlled by the Song Dynasty • Result = unification of a divided China • Gave the Mongols legitimacy • Believed they had earned the Mandate of Heaven

11. China and the Mongols • Goal = extract wealth from China • In order to do so  must accommodate the Chinese • Accommodations included: • Use of Chinese administrative practices, taxation systems, and postal system • Took a Chinese dynastic title = the Yuan • Transferred capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to Beijing in China

12. Kublai Khan • Mongol ruler of the Yuan dynasty (1271-1294) • Improved roads • Built canals • Lowered some taxes • Supported scholars and artists • Limited the death penalty and torture • Supported peasant agriculture

13. China and the Mongols • Mongol rule in China was still harsh, exploitative, foreign and resented • Mongols did NOT become Chinese and they did not accommodate EVERY aspect of Chinese culture

14. Mongols Being Mongols • Many still lived, ate, slept, and gave birth in yurts they put up everywhere • Planted steppe grass within the capital and let animals roam freely • Didn’t use civil service exams • Didn’t learn Chinese

15. Mongols Being Mongols • Mongol women never adopted foot binding • Intermarriage = forbidden • Chinese scholars = couldn’t learn Mongol script • Supported artisans and merchants  opposite of Confucian values Mongol women mixed freely with men, rode horseback, and hunted

16. China and the Mongols • Mongol rule in China declined in the mid-1300s • Many factors caused this decline: • Division among the Mongols • Rising prices (inflation) • Epidemics of the plague • Growing peasant rebellions 1368 = all Mongols forced out of China and returned home to the steppe

17. Russia and the Mongols • Heavy devastation to Russia  perhaps more than in Persia • Mongol conquest of Russia = called the “Khanate of the Golden Horde” • Mongols defeated the Russians, but did NOT occupy Russia • Russia had little to offer • Less developed economy • Not located along any major trade routes Painting of the fall of Kievan Rus

18. Exploitation of the Russians • Russian princes required to send tribute to the Mongols • Variety of heavy taxes on Russian people • Continuing border raids • Tens of thousands of Russians sent into slavery

19. Influence on the Russians • Although the Mongols weren’t influenced much by the Russians, the Russians were influenced by the Mongols: • Adopted Mongols’ weapons, court practices, diplomatic rituals, taxation system, and military draft

20. End of Mongol Rule in Russia • Mongol rule in Russia started to decline by the end of the 1400s • Major causes of this decline: • Divisions among Mongols • Growing strength of Russian state  now centered on the city of Moscow

21. Period 3:  600-1450 (Regional and Trans-regional interaction Islam Origins

22. Originated on the Arabian Peninsula Had long been inhabited by nomadic Arabs = the Bedouins Located along important trade routes  Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, etc. Gave rise to large commercial cities The Homeland of Islam

23. Major commercial city • Site of the Kaaba = most important religious shrine in Arabia • Housed representations of about 360 deities • Ruling tribe of Mecca = the Quraysh • Controlled access to the Kaaba • Gained wealth by taxing local trade Mecca

24. Participation in long-distance trade • Location between the Byzantine Empire (to the northwest) and the Persian Empire (to the northeast) • Result = many Jews and Christians lived among the Arabs in Arabia • Many of their monotheistic ideas began to influence the Arabs Arabia – Connections to the World

25. Muhammad (570 – 632 CE) • Born in Mecca • From a Quraysh family • A shepherd and a trader • Troubled by the religious corruption and social inequalities of Mecca • Often withdrew into the mountains to meditate • 610 CE = he had an overwhelming religious experience • (Similar to the Buddha and Jesus) • Became convinced he was Allah’s messenger to the Arabs The Messenger

26. Muhammad claimed to be the “seal of the prophets” • Meant he was the last in a long line of prophets, including Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and others • Said he had God’s FINAL revelation to humankind • Wasn’t trying to start a new faith • More of an invitation to return to the old and pure religion of Abraham The Messenger

27. Muhammad’s revelations began in 610 CE and continued for the next 22 years • Recorded in the Quran = the sacred scriptures of Islam • Monotheistic  Allah is the only God • All-powerful Creator • Good, just, and merciful • Rejected the other deities housed in the Kaaba • Rejected Christian idea of the Trinity The Message

28. The Message • The Quran rejected: • Hoarding of wealth and materialism • Exploitation of the poor • Corrupt business practices • Neglecting widows and orphans • Abuse of women • The Quran demanded: • Social justice • Equality • Aid to the poor

29. Primary obligation of all believers = submission to Allah • Not only an individual or spiritual act, but also involved the creation of a whole new society • Umma = the community of all believers • Just and moral society of Islam • Would replace tribal, ethnic, or racial identities The Message

30. 1) Faith: “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of God.” 2) Prayer: Should be performed 5 times daily while facing in the direction of Mecca 3) Almsgiving: Supporting the poor and needy of the community 4) Fasting: Occurs during month of Ramadan; no food, drink, or sexual relations from dawn to sundown 5) The Hajj: Pilgrimage to Mecca The Message: 5 Pillars of Islam

31. Jihad = “struggle” • “Greater jihad” = interior personal effort to avoid greed and selfishness, and to strive toward living a God-conscious life • “Lesser jihad” = “jihad of the sword” = belief that the Quran authorized armed struggle against the forces of unbelief and evil • In order to: establish Muslim rule and defend the umma from the threats of infidel aggressors The Message: The 6th Pillar versus

32. Muhammad’s message soon attracted opposition from Mecca’s elite families; they didn’t like his: • Claim to be the “messenger of Allah” • Strict monotheism • Call for social reform • Condemnation of business practices • Disloyalty to his own tribe (the Quraysh) • Caused Muhammad and his followers to go to Medina • This is where the umma took shape Transformation of Arabia

33. Muhammad = both religious and political leader; also led the military • Islamic community expanded throughout Arabia by: • Military conquest • Marriage alliances with leading tribes • Voluntary conversion • By 632 (time of Muhammad’s death), most of Arabia had come under Islamic control The Islamic Community

34. No distinction between religious law and civil law ONE LAW = the sharia Regulated every aspect of life Islamic Law

35. DBQ INTRODUCTION Thesis–1-2 sentences – use the causes described in the documents “While many historians feel that the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand was the primary cause of World War I, the war actually began because of increased militarization, the formation of alliances, and the aggressive actions of Germany.” Contextualization– what is going on at this time (2 – 3 sentences) “Industrialization in Europe led many European nations to look for resources in India and Africa. The “Scramble for Africa” led to increased militarization and nationalism as nations attempted to expand their empires and gain resources. This eventually led to increased competition and tensions amongst the different European powers.”

36. DBQ INTRO While many historians feel that the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand was the primary cause of World War I, the war actually began because of increased militarization, the formation of alliances, and the aggressive actions of Germany. Industrialization in Europe led many European nations to look for resources in India and Africa. The “Scramble for Africa” led to increased militarization and nationalism as nations attempted to expand their empires and gain resources. This eventually led to increased competition and tensions amongst the different European powers.

37. GROUPING PARAGRAPHS • First sentence states the grouping and the reason for grouping them. • “Documents 1 and 6 discuss militarism as a cause for the war.” • DO NOT describe what is in the document – unnecessary – go directly into relating the document to the question. • Document 1 illustrates how countries such as Great Britain, France, Russia and Germany were all increasing the amount of money spent building up their militaries. Countries were mobilizing to go to war. This is supported by the statement made by Sidney Bradshaw Fay (Doc 6) when he states that all countries were mobilizing and getting ready to go to war. Increased military spending made the war inevitable.

38. GROUPING PARAGRAPH • Documents 1 and 6 discuss militarism as a cause for the war. Document 1 illustrates how countries such as Great Britain, France, Russia and Germany were all increasing the amount of money spent building up their militaries. Countries were mobilizing to go to war. This is supported by the statement made by Sidney Bradshaw Fay (Doc 6) when he states that all countries were mobilizing and getting ready to go to war. Increased military spending made the war inevitable.

39. POINT OF VIEW • Point of view – describing WHY the author is stating what they are stating • Count Rantzau, whose purpose as a delegate of Germany at the Versailles Peace Conference (Doc 5) was to convince the other countries that Germany was not to blame for the war, illustrates that it was the the European nations need to retaliate and expand that caused the war, not Germany.

40. TOD: March 2 • Answer the following questions on the same post it as the warm up: • 1. How did the location of the Arabian Peninsula play an important role in the spread of Islam? • 2. What do Muslims consider to be the greater jihad and lesser jihad? • 3. Compare and Contrast the spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia