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Data Center Renovation

Data Center Renovation. Delaware. Kristen Shehab Spring 2005 Mechanical Option Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut. Data Center Renovation, Delaware. Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut. Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals

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Data Center Renovation

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  1. Data Center Renovation Delaware Kristen Shehab Spring 2005 Mechanical Option Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut

  2. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut • Outline • Project Team • Existing Conditions • Redesign Goals • System Redesign • Redesign Analysis • Conclusion • Acknowledgements • Questions

  3. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • Building Name and Owner: • Withheld at owners request • Architect and Engineers: • CCG Facilities Integration • Contractors • General: • - Nason • - Whiting – Turner • Electrical: • - Furness Electric • Mechanical: • - I.D. Griffith

  4. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Originally Built: 1983 • Size: • 175,000 SF • Computer Room: 80,000 SF. • Function Type / Occupancy: • Data Center • Industrial Occupancy • Redundancy: • Tier III • 1.6 hours annual downtime

  5. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • Goals: • Reliability: • Minimize Downtime • Increase Power Quality for Sensitive Equipment • Efficiency: • important with large electric loads • 8760 hr/year • Emissions: • Utility: Fuel - 95% coal • Natural Gas Combustion: lower emissions

  6. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • Cogeneration • Combustion Turbine Generators • Inlet cooling • Heat Recovery • Energy Sell Back • Absorption Chillers • Cooling Tower • Condenser Water Pumps and piping

  7. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • Combustion Turbine Generators • Total building electric load: 9,089 kW • Centaur 40 Performance • Quantity: 3 + 1 • On Design Day • 12.5% output decrease

  8. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • Inlet Cooling • 244 tons excess cooling • On design day, can get inlet air to 63 F • 1.8% output decrease • On cooler days, modulate coil to keep inlet temp at 44F

  9. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • Heat Recovery • Excess heat from turbines recovered • Used to drive Absorption Chillers • 14.5 psig • Stack • Prevent condensation • Temperature higher than dew point • Average steam mass flow • 61,024 lbm/h

  10. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • Energy Sell Back • Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) • Utility must pay “avoided cost” • Conectiv • Qualifying Facility greater than 1,000 kW • Purchases power under special contracts • Assume avoided cost (payback) • Half charged rate ($7.45/MMBtu) • Annual Excess Energy • 19,000,000 kWh • Revenue from utility: $478,000 per year

  11. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • Absorption Chillers • Single Stage • Utilizes waste heat • Reduced emissions • No CFC or HCFC refrigerants • LiBr/ Water • Building Thermal Load: 2,400 Tons • Broad: BDS 200, 661 Tons each • Quantity: 4+1

  12. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • Redesign Analysis • System Analysis • Emissions • System Efficiency • Cost Analysis • First Cost • Energy Cost data • Reliability • Maintenance

  13. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • Emissions • Lean-Premix, Dry, Low Emission • (SoLoNOx) • Water Injection • DOE’s Model Emissions Rule • Non-Attainment Area • Credit for Cogeneration [lbs/Mwh] • Avoided Emissions from HRSG • opposed to steam created from Boiler [(boiler limit)/(boiler efficiency)] *[3.412/(power to heat Ratio)]

  14. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Emissions • EPA’s AP 42: • Stationary Internal Combustion Sources gas turbines Delaware Standard Emissions from turbine Criteria Pollutants

  15. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions System Efficiency Purpa Qualifying Facility topping cycles: 45% FERC efficiency Federal energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) FERC = Power output + .5 * useful thermal output / energy input all waste heat chillers only

  16. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • System Efficiency (3 + 2) • Increased Redundancy • One running Hot, selling back all energy • Cannot Use recovered Steam all waste heat chillers only ** Not Utilizing Enough Recovered Steam!

  17. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • First Cost Existing New Natural Gas interconnection fees

  18. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • Energy Cost data • Energy Information Administration (EIA) • 2001 Energy Prices • Electricity: $14.89/MMBtu • Natural Gas: $ 6.63/MMBtu • Spark Gap = 8 • Less than 12, not good • Annual Energy Outlook (AEO) 2005 • Electricity and Natural Gas follow same trends through 2025 • Spark Gap not likely to improve • Annual Cost: Electricity • $4,000,000 • Annual Cost: Natural Gas • $8,500,000 - $478,000 • = $8,000,000

  19. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • Reliability • Cost savings due to increased reliability • Difficult to quantify • Function of: • Uptime • Power Quality • Uptime: • Outage duration • Extent of outage • (for partial outages) Midwest CHP Application Center • Losses can be significant if facility is critical • Cogeneration can minimize downtime

  20. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • Reliability • Power Quality: • Sags, and swells • Voltage Fluctuations • Transient over-voltages • at High frequency • Harmonics • Distorted current from waveforms • Can be reduced with properly designed system

  21. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • Conclusion • Benefits: • Increased Reliability • Lower Overall Emissions • Draw Backs: • first cost • Spark Gap • Payback periods Difficult to Quantify • If owner has enough capital and the facility is critical enough to justify higher first costs and utility costs then cogeneration becomes a good option.

  22. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Acknowledgements Penn State Architectural Engineering Faculty Dr. Freihaut Dr. Bahnfleth CCG Facilities Integration Mechanical and Electrical departments AE Senior Class 2005 Alicia Carbin Jesse Fisher Fellow Thesis Lab Regulars Family Mom Dad Laura

  23. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions

  24. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • Heat Recovery • Excess heat from turbines recovered • b CH4 + a ((2O2 + .52N2)+0.0015H2O) = • b CO2 + b 2H2O + a 0.0015H2O + 2(a – b)O2 + a 7.52N2 • Minimum stack temperature: 275 F • Qg = S (Mdot*((CP1*Texh)-(CP2*280))) • Qs = Qg - system inefficiencies • Msteam = Qs / (hs – hf) • hs = enthalpy saturated steam • hf = enthalpy water • Average steam mass flow: • 61,024 lbm/h

  25. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions • Determine Electric Load • building thermal load: 2,400 Tons (8,440 kW) • Envelope load insignificant -assume zero • Cooling therefore supports 8,440 kWe • Electric Load: Unconditioned Spaces 320 kW • running cooling towers • rooftop air handling units • Non-renovated Space • office space • Energy Information Administration • 18.7 kWh/sf • Converts to: 310 kW • The total electric load: 9,089 kW

  26. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Mechanical Equipment Pumps Cooling Towers New Piping, 18” to 24”

  27. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Maintenance

  28. Data Center Renovation, Delaware Kristen Shehab Mechanical Option Spring 2005 Faculty Consultant: Dr. Freihaut Outline Project Team Existing Conditions Redesign Goals System Redesign Redesign Analysis Conclusion Acknowledgements Questions Synchronization Circuit breakers isolate problems at the load and protect network Relays signal circuit breakers voltage, power, current, frequency, phase imbalances, flow direction The Centaur 40 is equipped with auto synchronizing. anticipatory synchronizer parallels generator to bus Causes closure at a minimum phase difference corrects for speed and voltage Overrides included for emergency or black-start operations

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