Discussion Game Teams

1. Discussion Game Teams

2. Question 1 What does the term “protozoa” mean? http://www.biologyreference.com/images/biol_04_img0381.jpg

3. Question 2 Why are protozoans considered animal-like? http://huntertrek.com/wp/2008/02/25/our-little-amoeba/

4. http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m9425n9qAW1qievavo1_1280.jpghttp://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m9425n9qAW1qievavo1_1280.jpg

5. Question 3 What is the basis for classifying protozoa into the four different phyla? http://www.innermostsecrets.com/Images/FIGvaginalis02.jpg , http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/cilidr.html, http://library.thinkquest.org/10952/students/2-truc/AMOEBA.GIF, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_falciparum_01.png

6. Question 4 What structure do members of P. Zoomastigina use to move around? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5FXWvlJ2mk

7. Phylum Zoomastigina • Gr. mastix, “whip” • movement: flagella • feeding: absorbs food through CM • habitat • lakes, streams • solitary, colonial • free-living, symbiotic (some parasitic) • reproduction: binary fission, meiosis • importance: symbionts, food sources in aquatic systems, decomposers Symbiotic relationship:Trichonympha in termites

8. Question 5 Termites provide the Trichonympha with shelter and nutrients, in return, these protists digest an important carbohydrate in the termite diet. What is this carbohydrate called? http://www.sfu.ca/~fankbone/v/termitesym.jpg

9. Question 6 Which zooflagellate causes African sleeping sickness?

10. Trypanosomiasis a.k.a. African sleeping sickness Pathogen: Trypanosoma bruceiTrypanosoma brucei gambiense (West African sleeping sickness)Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (East African sleeping sickness) Vector: Glossina, tsetse fly

11. Trichomonas infection PathogenTrichomonas vaginalisTransmissionsexual activity; more common in women w/ multiple sexual partners

12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ogFBAoZjo8 Question 7 What structure do members of P. Ciliophora use to move around?

13. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pahUt0RCKYc Question 8 What is the purpose of the pointed structure?

14. Question 9 Which organelle contains chemicals that aid ciliates in digesting their food intracellularly?

15. Phylum Ciliophora • habitat • fresh/saltwater • w/ contractile vacuole • mostly free-living • feeding: • cilia pushes food  gullet  food vacuoles  food vacuole + lysosome  digestion and circulation  waste mat’ls  anal pore http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/lmcgee/protistpictures/AP_Chpt_28_Protists/Paramecium-diagram-labeled.gif

16. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzA5w7qxwg0 Question 10 What do you call the reproductive process shown here?

17. Question 11 What do you call the reproductive process shown here?

18. Phylum Ciliophora • reproduction: • binary fission • conjugation • sexual reproduction process • process involves micronuclei: • 2 paramecia attach • 2n micronucleus: meiosis  mitosis • paramecia exchange micronuclei http://members.multimania.co.uk/wbiolab/images/Paramecium%20Sexual%20Reproduction%20-%20Conjugation.gif

19. Question 12 What do you call protective cells of the paramecium shown here?

20. Phylum Ciliophora • defense: trichocysts • small, bottle-shaped structures found just below the surface http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/parameciumtrichocysts2b.jpg, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMWQL4B4YCA

21. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ogFBAoZjo8 Question 13 What structure do members of P. Sarcodina use to move around?

22. Phylum SarcodinaAmoeba • movement: amoeboid • pseudopodia and cytoplasmic streaming • habitat: • fresh/saltwater • most free-living, some parasitic • feeding: phagocytosis • meal surrounded by pseudopods • food taken into cell, into food vacuole • reproduction: binary fission http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk

23. http://www.biologyjunction.com/protozoan_notes_b1.htm Question 14 What material makes up the foram shell?

24. Phylum SarcodinaForaminiferans • L. foramen, “little hole” + ferre, “to bear” • habitat: warmer regions of the ocean • test: porous shell made of CaCO3 • feeding: pseudopods projecting from pores in test form a sticky, interconnected net that entangles prey Forams in the White Cliffs of Dover in England

25. http://www.biologyjunction.com/protozoan_notes_b1.htm Question 15 What material makes up the radiolarian shell?

26. Phylum SarcodinaHeliozoans/Radiolarians • habitat: mostly freshwater • test: porous shell made of SiO2 • “sun animals”: due to appearance of pseudopods

27. Amoebiasis / Amoebic dysentery Pathogen: Entamoeba histolytica

28. Amoebiasis, Amoebic dysentery Transmission By putting anything into your mouth that has touched the stool of a person who is infected with E. histolytica.  By swallowing something, such as water or food, that is contaminated with E. histolytica.  By touching and bringing to your mouth cysts (eggs) picked up from surfaces that are contaminated with E. histolytica. Symptoms One in 10 people becomes sick from infection by E. histolytica Loose stools, stomach pain, stomach cramping Amebic dysentery: severe form of amebiasis associated with stomach pain, bloody stools, and fever.  Rare: abscess in liver; infection of lungs or brain

29. Acanthamoeba infection PathogenA. culbertsoni, A. polyphaga, A. castellanii,A. healyi, (A. astronyxis), A. hatchetti, A. rhysodes, and possibly others.

30. Acanthamoeba infection How does infection with Acanthamoeba occur?  Acanthamoeba can enter the skin through a cut, wound, or through the nostrils.  Amoebas can travel to the lungs and through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, especially the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).  Through improper storage, handling, and disinfection of contact lenses, Acanthamoeba can enter the eye and cause a serious infection.

31. http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/5/5a/5963_lores.jpg/350px-5963_lores.jpghttp://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/5/5a/5963_lores.jpg/350px-5963_lores.jpg Question 15 What structure do members of P. Sporozoa use to move around?

32. Phylum Sporozoa • movement: non-motile • habitat: inside hosts (worms, fish, birds, humans) • feeding • attach and feed by means of an apical complex http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/14465688/f6_baum_nrmicro1465-f1.jpg

33. Phylum Sporozoa • reproduction: mostly complex life cycle • may involve >1 host • release sporozoites: tiny infectious cells http://www.niaid.nih.gov/SiteCollectionImages/topics/malaria/lifecycleWeb.jpg

34. MalariaPathogen VectorPlasmodium falciparum (can be fatal), female Anopheles P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae

35. Malaria Transmission Infected Anopheles bites human, injects saliva containing PlasmodiumPlasmodium sporozoites enter bloodstream, infect RBCs and liver cells where they multiply rapidly  Infected cells burst and release toxins into bloodstream Symptoms Released toxins cause fever, chills, flu-like symptoms

36. Malaria Incidence

37. Malaria • Incidence Tropical/subtropical regions • temp allows Anopheles to thrive • temp needed by parasites to complete growth w/in mosquito •  According the the WHO: • 300-500M cases/year • ~1-2M deaths/year •  one of the leading causes of death •  Africa: 1 child/30 sec.

38. Malaria Eradication  Eradicated from developed countries w/ temperate climate  Major health problem in developing countries and in tropical/subtropical parts of the world  Problems w/ eradication campaigns: 1. Resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides 2. Resistance of parasites to drugs 3. Administrative issues

39. Interesting websites: (and two of the sources for this lecture) Center for Disease Control’s Division of Parasitic Diseases Parasites and Health Webpage http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Para_Health.htm Center for Disease Control’s Malaria Webpagehttp://www.cdc.gov/malaria/