Era of Good Feelings and Andrew Jackson

1. Era of Good Feelings and Andrew Jackson

2. Themes • Missouri Comprise • Monroe Doctrine • Rise of Andrew Jackson

3. Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825) • Name given to the era of James Monroe’s Presidency • James Monroe presidential years (1817-1825) • Era did not involve fighting between rival political parties but over representation • The majority of Americans supported Monroe’s electoral victory

4. Missouri Crisis • In 1819, Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state • The balance between the 11 free states and 11 slave states would be broken • Proposal: Gradually emancipate slaves in Missouri • North states: agreed • South states: disagreed

5. The Missouri Compromise (1820-1821)

6. Spain and Florida • General Andrew Jackson led U.S. forces into Florida • He occupied two Spanish forts and had two British citizens hanged • Led to the Adams/Onis Treaty 1819 - Spain ceded Florida to United States - Americans renounced claims to Texas - Spain gave up claims to Oregon

7. North vs. South • A compromise was needed to resolve the crisis • Who: Henry Clay (Speakers of the House of Representatives)

8. The Missouri Compromise (1820-1821) • Missouri entered the Union as a slave states • Maine entered the Union as a free state • In future, slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase Territory north of 36,30 • The Mason-Dixon line was now separating the free and slave states in the Union • Surveyed in 1763 by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon which led to form the borders of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia • The Line would later be used as a border between slave and free states during the Civil War

9. The Missouri Compromise (Results) • Many believed South “won” this conflict • There was agreement, however, that Congress had the power to limit slavery in some territories • Importance: Foreshadowed future conflicts between North and South

10. John Q. Adams(Secretary of State) • John Q. Adams served as Monroe’s Secretary of State • Oregon Territory • British and Americans both claimed territory • Each agreed to joint occupation of the region - Monroe Doctrine

11. Spanish Independence • Spanish colonies gained independence in early 19th Century • Will foreign countries recognize them or try to conquer them? France, English, Russia • British proposed a joint declaration: Each would oppose interference with new nations and agree not to establish new colonies in the Americas *This proposal would halt American expansion in the west*

12. Years of Independence

13. Monroe Doctrine of 1823 • Has James Monroe’s name but was written by John Q. Adams • European powers cannot interfere with independent nations in the western hemisphere • New European colonization in western hemisphere was prohibited • In return, the United States pledged to stay out of European affairs *Protecting newly created Spanish nations and stopping Russian influence in Oregon*

14. Significance of Monroe Doctrine • This was the foundation of U.S. foreign policy • European powers were no longer welcomed in North America

15. Presidential Election of 1824 (Candidates) • Andrew Jackson (Tennessee): Hero of New Orleans • John Q. Adams (Massachusetts): Secretary of State • William Crawford (Georgia): Treasury Secretary • Henry Clay (Kentucky): Speaker of the House of Representatives

16. Presidential Election of 1824 • Election of 1824 – 131 to win • Popular Vote: • Andrew Jackson – 43.1% • John Q. Adams – 30.5 % • William Crawford – 13.1% • Henry Clay – 13.2% • Electoral Vote: • Andrew Jackson – 99 • John Q. Adams – 84 • William Crawford – 41 • Henry Clay - 37

17. Presidential Election of 1824 • If no candidate wins the majority of electoral votes – The House of Representatives chooses the next President among the top three finishers • Finalists – Andrew Jackson & John Adams • Clay (still Speaker of the House) helped Adams win presidency • Adams picked Clay to be Secretary of State • Corruption

18. John Q. Adams Presidency(1825-1829) • Rumors of corruption hurt Adams • Experience: Diplomat, Senator, Secretary of State • Proposals for internal improvement (Ex. 2nd Bank of America); funding for the arts met fierce opposition • Like his father, John Q. Adams was destined to serve only one term

19. Election of 1828 • Jackson and his supporters were called Democrats (Southern Jefferson supporters) • Accusation: • Adams = gambler and promoted prostitution • Jackson = illiterate and married an adulterer • Andrew Jackson won the presidency; ending the “Era of Good Feelings”

20. Jackson and Democracy • Elimination of property qualifications to vote • Jackson Heroism: Was a hero during the Battle of New Orleans and had a well known hatred for Native Americans • Jackson supported the will of the American people to govern: - voters should directly elect President and Senators *We still have electoral college today, but we NOW directly elect our Senators*

21. Tariff of Abominations • Congress passed a protective tariff in 1828 • It was very unpopular in the South: • Raised the cost of manufactured items • Other nations established tariffs hurting American exports • This hurt the South because they exported many of their goods to Europe

22. South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) • Response to Tariff of Abominations: • Tariff violated the Constitution • States had the right to nullify such laws • The author: Andrew Jackson’s Vice President, John C. Calhoun *This ideology was directly based off of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolution in 1789

23. Nullification Crisis • President Jackson did not approve of the tariffs but rejected the concept of nullification • Jackson and Calhoun are now torn apart on major issues • Calhoun resigned as Vice President *A compromise was needed*

24. Compromise Solution • A new tariff (passed in 1833) gradually lowered tariff rates • Force Bill: Allowed President to use force to collect tariff revenues • Henry Clay – Great Compromiser

25. Bank Crisis • Jackson distrusted and had a hatred for the Bank of the United States • He, and others, believed its policies had influenced the Panic of 1819 • Jackson vetoed the bank’s renewal in 1832: -It was unconstitutional - It was harmful to the nation - Bank only served the interest of wealthy elites

26. Bank Crisis • Andrew Jackson defeated Henry Clay and was re-elected in 1832 • Federal money was withdrawn from Bank of the United States and placed into “pet banks” in the states • Would lead to the “death” of the Bank of the United States in 1836

27. Jackson’s Opponents • Whigs: Name given to political party opposed to Jackson • Labeled Andrew Jackson – King Andrew I • Second American party system evolved - Democratic Party - Whigs

28. Limits to Jacksonian Democracy • Jackson was a slave holder • There were over 100 slaves on his plantation in Tennessee • While Andrew Jackson repeatedly stated supported rights for all. All meaning “whites” males • He did not support equality for women • Indian Removal Act of 1830

29. Indian Removal • The Cherokee were told to assimilate into U.S. society - They adopted a written constitution that they wrote • However, once gold was found on their land in Georgia, the state government forced their power on them

30. Indian Removal (Supreme Court) • Chief Justice John Marshall - Cherokee should not be forced to move • Jackson ignored the ruling; enforced the Indian Removal Act • Minor Cherokee leaders agreed to give up land for money

31. Cherokee Trail of Tears (1838) • 15,000- 18,000 were forced to move • 25% died along the way

32. Martin Van Buren • Won the election of 1836 • Van Buren, Jackson’s Vice President, was seen as Jackson’s puppet • Took office in 1837 and was greeted by the Panic of 1837

33. Panic of 1837 • Resulted from: - Bad harvests in Europe caused English Banks to call in loans it had given to the U.S. - Cotton prices went down - Everyone rushed to the banks to withdraw all their money before it was too late • Whigs accuse Jackson’s anti-bank policies for the fall of the economy

34. Panic of 1839 • After the Panic of 1837 was resolved another took place in 1839 • Banks again were failing along with the economy and businesses • This would eventually lead to the lose of Van Buren’s second term and the end of the Age of Jackson

35. Election of 1840 • Whig leader William Henry Harrison would beat Martin Van Buren for the presidency • Harrison’s inauguration speech took hours and hours to finish in the rain • Because of this Harrison developed pneumonia and died soon after • 1st President of U.S. to die in office • John Tyler, Harrison’s Vice President, will now serve as president from 1841-1845

36. Review • Missouri Crisis and Monroe Doctrine were important events during this era • Describe the accomplishments and limitations of Andrew Jackson’s Presidency. Overall, how would you evaluate his years in office?