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Chapter 2. Early Farmers and City Dwellers. Producing Food. Before 10,000 years ago, ALL HUMANS were hunters and gatherers! After the last Ice Age, groups of people were able to spread out. Because of this, they: - saw animals and plants they had never seen before!
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Chapter 2 Early Farmers and City Dwellers
Producing Food • Before 10,000 years ago, ALL HUMANS were hunters and gatherers! • After the last Ice Age, groups of people were able to spread out.Because of this, they: • -saw animals and plants they had never seen before! • -had additional food sources • -the population increased!
What happened to the Animals? • It is a mystery why many large Ice Age animals became extinct. • -Did the warmer temperatures… • loss of habitat… • overhunting…. • kill off the animals?
The loss of animals meant… • A loss of meat as a food supply!
Drought • The climate of Southwestern Asia and other places grew drier because of a drought which caused food shortages! • This caused PROBLEMS!
How to survive a Drought! • People started to figure out how to store food to last for longer periods of time. • Others developed weapons to start to hunt smaller prey. • Women gatherers in Southwest Asia tried planting seeds of wild grasses such as rye, barley and wheat (einkorn)- they became the FIRST FARMERS!
?Question? What challenges did people face as Earth’s climate changed after the last Ice Age?
Answer • People faced: growing populations… animal extinctions…. and droughts after the last Ice Age.
Agricultural Revolution • About 10,000 years ago in Southwest Asia, people at Abu Hureyra and Jericho were the first to DOMESTICATE PLANTS and ANIMALS! • People selected plants that would grow, making it possible to grow better and better crops each season!
Abu Hureyra • Was populated in two different periods: • Period 1: people hunted and gathered • Period 2: people farmed • This shows an area that transitioned from hunting and gathering to farming! Note* When agriculture replaced hunting and gathering, the daily grind changed dramatically. The effects can be read in Neolithic bones from what is now northern Syria. Among them were arthritis and lower back injury in those who ground wheat, and broken teeth and gum disease in those who ate the breads made from it.
Use of Animals • Wild dogs had been tamed to help people hunt. • Wild sheep and goats were now being captured and kept in pens so people would be sure of a meat supply during droughts. • Soon these penned animals (livestock) became tame and provided resources and a consistent source of meat. • These hunting/gathering communities soon became farming communities.
Before Agriculture became a way of life, most people were nomads who settled where water, wild plants and wild animals were plentiful. After people started farming, they could build longer-lasting shelters in permanent settlements, like Abu Hureyra!
People in Abu Hureyra lived in pits dug into the ground, covered with reeds: • Later, they build houses of mud bricks consisting of several rooms and providing space for an entire family!
Agricultural Revolution • This agricultural revolution that had taken place allowed people to produce larger food supplies in one place so more and more people could live together, work together, organize and create rules in permanent settlements building communities.
?Question? • In which regions around the world did farming develop independently?
Answer: • Regions included Northern Africa,southern Asia, eastern Asia and South America.
Farming as a way of Life: • Agriculture took more work than hunting and gathering.
Men had to clear the land, protect crops and herds and hunt.
Women and children planted, cared for and harvested the crops then prepared and stored food.
Soil had to be as fertile as possible in order for plants to grow so crops were often planted in river valleys. • If forests were thick, Slash and Burn Farming was used to prepare the soil for planting.
Slash and Burn • They had to clear the trees and brush from the land, burn the trees and mix the ashes with the soil to fertilize it and plant their crops.
Farming Families • -passed on the ownership of land to their next generations… • Farmers worshipped their ancestors as they believed the spirits of their ancestors guarded the land! • Farmers grew enough food to give them surplus (extra food) for times when seasons didn’t harvest enough food. • They might even lend surplus food to other communities in need, creating friendships OR present surplus to the dead to show respect.
Trade • People began trading surplus food for goods such as home-building materials, clothing, tools or other foods not found in their areas.
? Question? • In what ways did people use surplus food?
Answer • People used surplus food for • planting, • as food, • to help others in need • as gifts for dead ancestors to show respect. • for trade.
REVIEW: • Turn to your partner and discuss the following: • 1. How did changes in climate at the end of the Ice Age affect food sources for people? • 2. Explain Slash-and-Burn Farming? • 3. How did early people domesticate animals? • 4. What were some of the first crops that early farmers raised?
1. How did changes in climate at the end of the Ice Age affect food sources for people? • As the world’s climate grew warmer and drier, people developed new ways to store food, hunted smaller prey and began farming.
2. Explain Slash-and-Burn Farming? • Slash and Burn Farming required them to clear the trees and brush from their land, burn the trees and mix the ashes with the soil to fertilize it before planting crops.
3. How did early people domesticate animals? • They domesticated wild dogs then started capturing and penning wild sheep and and goats. Soon these animals provided valuable resources as well as meat.
4. What were some of the first crops that early farmers raised? • Rye, Barley and wheat (einkorn)
?Question? • What might have happened to the development of Agriculture, had the Ice Age ended a thousand years later than it had?
Answer • It probably would have developed a thousand years later!
Lesson 2 • Forming complex Societies
Farming Villages • Early farming settlements were small (a few families) • People lived from one harvest to the next, fighting hunger, bad weather (drought, storms, extreme heat or cold). • Weather affected crops and livestock. • Farmers grew surplus food as often as possible to help with hard times.
In Other Communities: • Water was plentiful, soil was good, climate was mild. • Farming was successful! • Farmers raised many different crops including grains, root vegetables and plants they could use for medicine, making clothing and for building shelters! • Animals such as oxen, camels, dogs and guinea pigs were kept.
Successful Farming Communities: • Subsided/survived • Produced enough surplus for more and more people. • Grew into villages of several hundred people! http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=agriculture
By 7000 B.C., farming villages spread across SW Asia. Abu Hureyra and Jericho grew into farming villages. Jarmo had more than 25 houses! Catal Huyuk and other farming villages in Turkey had to be rebuilt many times because the baked clay bricks of the houses crumbled over time. In Catal Huyuk, people were more advanced and decorated their homes with paintings/carvings of women, bulls, etc.
Farming Communities Spread: • By 6000 BC, Agriculture spread to Greece and southeastern Europe. • Crops- wheat, barley, other grains • Animals- cattle, sheep, pigs were kept. • Homes- wood, straw, materials they found nearby. • Bandkeramik pottery carved with lines became popular in 5500 B.C. • Farming communities spread in India and Pakistan (Asia) as well. Water Buffalo were raised there.
Terrace Farming • The Yangshao People developed Terrace Farming in China around 4800 B.C. • Terraces were formed by cutting steps out of flat land into the sides of hills and mountains. This created more flat land on which to grow crops. It also protected the village from floods!
Artifacts have been found from early farming along the Nile River in N. Africa. Flooding buried most artifacts but experts believe farming flourished along the Nile River by 5000 B.C.
?Question? • What two advantages did terraces provide for the Yangshao people?
Answer: • Terraces provided more flat land for farming and protection from floods!
Changes in Technology • Sticks used to dig up roots/make holes • Hoe- wooden/stone blade to break up and turn over soil for planting, dig out rocks/tree roots. • Stick Plow- cut, lift, turn over soil. One end of a large stick branch ws sharpened to dig rows in the soil in which to plant seeds. • Stone Plow-had a stone or wooden blade- cut through the ground faster. Animals later pulled the plows. Allowed difficult soil to be now usable, like in Europe. Fewer people had to plant larger crops now. More land could be used for farming. • Irrigation- ditches were dug from rivers to the fields so water could be transported to the crops when there was little rain.
? Question? • What benefits did the development of the plow bring?
