1. Colonization

2. Spanish Empire • Funnel of Spanish Power • 1519 Cortez is out for power • Disagreements with Diego Velazquez (Governor of Cuba) • Out to seek his own wealth and power • Cortez learns of two shipwrecked men who lived on Yucatan Peninsula • 1519 Hernando Cortes; 600 men • People who switch between super natural beings & Strangers • Huitzilopoctli or Quetzalcoatl • Spanish Allies – Hated the Aztec • Deceived and wooed the people • Demonstrations of power; firing cannon; galloping of horses • Nov. 1519 marches on Tenochtitlan – admiration of the locals • Montezuma treats strangers as Gods • 1 week Montezuma is prisoner; Cortez in power for 8 months • Used as a time to replace Aztec Gods and teach Christianity • 1520 Velazquez arrives with force to arrest Cortez • Cortez use’s diplomacy to capture troops • Festival of Toxcatl; Spanish make a surprise attack • 1520 Aztec forced Spanish out; “Noche Triste;” 1521 Cortez & allies regroup • Tenochtitlan falls in one year

3. Spanish Rule • Spanish America • Built the same strategy for other empires • Inca & Maya • Conquer from top down • Kill off opposition and replace native leaders • Encomienda System • Officers cared for villages • Physical Protection • Religious conversion • Converting Labor and people • 1550s native labor force decimated (50 million to 4 million) • Importation of slaves to be laborers • Early encounters created two way exchange • Creative adaptations; Pueblo people of southwest practiced two religions

4. Spanish America • Empire larger than Rome 1526 - 1630 • Region of Rule • Southern tip of Chile to Alaska; Spanish influence and control • Many new settlements where buffer settlements • Exploitation became more important; • Spain failed to expand and grow beyond exploitation • Religion a huge colonization tool • Indians & Settlers given citizen status; pay taxes • Church was the power; divided lands, converted people, protection • Franciscan Friars tool of power • Indians are children (Belief) • Transform cultures • Smashed icons, suppressed rituals; change native society • 1630 Spain became abusive • Indians taken advantage of (encomienda) • Sexual favors • Disobedience was punished • Revolts & uprising exploded across the landscape • Pope 1680 Massive rebellion • 17,000 Indians resisted Spanish invasion • 400 of 2,500 Spanish killed • Churches burned • Priest tortured & executed • 14 years for Spain to regain control

5. English Colonization • Reformation • 1517 Unity of Christendom cracks • Martin Luther (Germany- 1517) – launches an attack on the abuses of Catholic Church • Ninety-five theses • Attack the sale of remission of sins • Salvation through good works & power of Christ • John Calvin – (France - 1517) • Christ sacrifice brings salvation • Included a strict moral code • How you lived = salvation • Puritans (1580s) • Church of England (established 1509-1547) Due to Henry VIII – divorce to bring about male heir • Pope would not give Henry a divorce • Henry severed ties with Pope; starts own church • Church of England resemble Catholic beliefs & doctrines • Those who wanted to “purify” Church of England of Catholic influence • Simplify rituals of worship • Keep Sabbath day holy • Favor the bible & its teachings • Any who broke from the Church of England were called Separatists • Reformation dominates landscape; colonization not even on the radar

6. English Colonization • English Exploration • 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh • Sought to create a colony “seek new world for gold, praise, & glory” • 1587 Discovered Roanoke island near N.C. (soil good & fruitful) • 117 settlers arrive 1587 under John White – Stays one month • White goes back to England for supplies – gets delayed • 1590 White returns – village is abandoned & pillaged (Dead) • 1607 first Colony attempted after Roanoke • London joint stock co. expected lots of money in return for investment • 3 ships 108 men sailed for new world • May 1607 first colony established, Virginia (Chesapeake Bay Region) • Found lush land, tall trees, good water • Colonist settled in & started planting; but most were towns people (not farmers) • No Frontier skills; Wood-lore, Hunters, • Most had come to find gold, not farm • Supplies from England were undependable • Stable Leadership – Captain John Smith • Developed trade with Indians (Powhatan People) • Forced all members to labor for food – no work = no food • 1609-1610 starvation period - 214 settlers • Colonist fell to disease, weakened by hunger • 1610 only 60 settlers survived • 7 years Virginia colony limps along barely surviving

7. English Colonization • A reason to live • 1617 – Tobacco • 1612 John Rolfe experiments with tobacco seed – hearty plant • Main staple crop – large quantities shipped to England • 1618 Head right policy • Stabilize the colony & Finances • Anyone who paid their way or others earned 50 acres of land • 1619 promised “rights of Englishmen” – representative assembly • 1619 First Negros arrive (Dutch trading ship) • Tobacco intensified land lust – 1620 • Colonists wanted Indian land – already cleared and pristine • 1622 Powhatan revenge to land lust • 350 colonists killed • English sought slaughter of the Indians along frontier • 1623 Indians & Colonist sign a truce • Negotiate a settlement – celebrate with wine • Wine is poisoned by Colonist • 200 Indians die – another 50 killed • Further strains Indian – Colonist relations • 1607 – 1624 14,000 Colonists sailed & settled Jamestown – 1624 pop. Is 1,132 persons • King revokes the charter – Virginia becomes a royal colony 1624

8. English Colonization • New England • Plymouth Colony; build a Christian common wealth • Escape religious persecution & oppression (home & abroad) • 1620 won a charter -101 Pilgrims set out on Mayflower • Led by William Bradford • Secure “the glorie of God, and advancement of Christian faith..” • 1620 arrived in new world; Nov. 1620 Mayflower Compact • Formal agreement of how to abide laws and punishments • Basis of consensual government • Civil government evolved out of Church government – the two intertwined • Winter 1621 deaths ran rampant • Half of the colony died • Spring 1621 local Wampanoag Indians showed them how to grow corn • Supplies & lumber ready to send back to England

9. English Colonization • Massachusetts Bay Colony • 1630 started by John Winthrop • Wild youth - Devote religious leader; large religious conviction in 1606 • Wanted a better life for family; • Hated religious persecution • Congregation of Puritans; self governing churches • “City upon a hill” a standard of religious piety • 1630 6 ships left for new world; • 1640 40 – 50,000 settlers moved into the region; a haven for religion • The Massachusetts Bay colony evolved • From charter venture – governing body • Power resided in the charter with general court of freemen • Freemen elected the governor & assistants • Winthrop like controlling the colony so he hide this idea of governing council • 1631-1634 new colonists arrived wanting to share power • So Winthrop had to produce the document; and power was stripped and given to the governing body • Massachusetts bay grew from company, to corporation, to governing body of elected officials. • Boston became head of the Colony & government

10. Divisions & Colonial Growth • Religion – a tricky boat to steer • Volatile mix – search for God’s will – rigid orthodoxy • Trouble conscience – lead to bizarre convictions about church/doctrine • Roger Williams • Puritan – desired complete break with English church/organization • True Christianity has no affiliation • No true church; all affiliated with governments • Must be complete separation of church & state • Set off the Puritans; belief too radical • 1635 Williams was banished back to England • He escaped his punishment; lived with Narrangsett Indians; established Rhode Island • Religious tolerance for all

11. Thriving Colonies • 1640 – 1660 Little Development • Few new colonies emerge – Dutch (New Netherland) • English Civil War – Struggle of Gov. • Colonies left to their own devices & Self-government • 1660 rapid emigration influx • Build-up of colonial empire • Riches – Empire gains money • Shipping, textiles, tobacco, servantsetc. • 1660s Emergence of Middle Colonies • Proprietary Colonies • Land given by king to individuals • Men loyal to king during civil war • Men whom the king owned money (William Penn) • Proprietor is Governor – elects officials to run the colony • Government was free – religious freedom – no need for established church of the state

12. Thriving Colonies • New Netherlands (New York) rule by Dutch 1609 • Thorn in Britain's side – split Virginia & New England colonies • Dutch were there trading with Indians for furs • Established forts – had good lasting trade • Not set on agricultural settlements • 1626 Manhattan purchased from the Indians • 1664 New Netherlands conquered by the British – w/out gunfire • English replaced all the forts with English names; took on new forms of government • Quaker Colonies • Pennsylvania & Delaware • Quaker religion sprang up in 1647 • Simplicity of life; disregarded all formal rituals; refused loyalty oaths • Abandoned rank & file • “Inner light” – individual spiritual inspiration & interpretation • Persecuted at home in British Isles (church of England) • 1673 vision of having Quaker commonwealth in Americas • Freedom to practice religion • 1681 William Penn makes commonwealth a reality • Father dies – Penn becomes wealthy • Inherits land from King (loan) Penn gains a charter

13. Thriving Colonies • Carolinas & Georgia • Different breed of people • Focused on making money – looked to promising sites to make money • Wanted: Seasoned colonists • Barbados – Bermuda; Large scale sugar production • Dominated the colony; created a major slave trade • Curious Constitution – creation of feudal system of gov • Land grants based on head-right system • Encouraged trade with Indians; caused future problems for the Colonists • Georgia – buffer zone to Spanish Florida • Prison reform colony • Give people a second chance - reform • Stop Spanish infiltration into English land = profits • Colony mismanaged – development of agriculture failed (Wine & Silk) • Unsuccessful rules & regulations • 1753 Georgia – Royal colony • Adjusts agriculture crops – becomes wealthy • Dependency on Slaves

14. Shape of Colonial America-South • Seasoning • Early colonists had to be seasoned – adapt to climate, food, water • Seasoning led to hug pop. Booms 1644 Virginia’s pop. Quadruples • 1750 colonists at 1 million mark • America’s land invited immigration • Land = bigger families – labor force • Early Colonial Families • Low birth rates – few women came to colonies • Early marriage years (21-22) led to more pregnancies • More children = larger populations • Average age in colonies 1790 “16!” • Death rates declined in colonies • Abundance of food • Less susceptible to disease – seasoning • Less exposure – abundance of land

15. Shape of Colonial America - South • Social Status • Cultural baggage; women are inferior; original sin makes them weaker vessels. • Women to be house wives; obey husband; nurture children • Women held subordinate status • Manual labor; garden, farm, housework, • Up at 4:30 am make breakfast; water/feed livestock; awake children; churn butter; tend garden; prepare lunch; play w/ kids; work garden; cook dinner; milk cows; ready children for bed; clean kitchen; retire for bed 9:00 pm • Women also spun clothes; wove clothing; knitted; quilted; made candles/soap; chopped wood; hauled water • Scarce labor also opened doors for women; midwives; doctors; silver smiths • Did have greater control over property & more rights like men.

16. Shape of Colonial America-South • Crops & Land (South) • Climate “key” ingredient • Grow exotic crops • Tobacco production 1619 – 20,000 lbs – 1688 18 million lbs • Smoking is the “rage” in Europe • Increased crop – increased labor • Indentured servants the answer • Colonial men forced to labor – no other alternative • Colony of limited skill & jobs • Indentured servitude – positive • Fulfilled needs of planters • Allowed social mobility – people can get land – get some money • Indentured servants lived longer – less land – surplus of tobacco • Booming colonial populations • Attempted regulations on tobacco & servants • Colonists bucked the system – did not allow them to reach full potential in terms of wealth • No more farming in the frontier • Slavery became the easiest solution to labor and surplus issues; • Cheap labor – not competition – thus slavery is bread out of staple crops, colonial boom, and need for cheaper labor

17. Shape of Colonial America - North • Cityscape • Organization according to denominations/congregations • Highly agricultural – but no slaves • Communal = land divided according to work • Larger investment or families = more land to farm • Cities planned out according to English systems • Farming • Short growing season & harsh climate • Staple crops; wheat, barley, oats; cattle • Grew what was familiar from England • Industry • Fur Trade • Provide commodities to sale to England • Market buckled – pelts priced dropped – system collapsed • Large forests – converted into ships • Gathered lively-hood from the sea • Developed fisheries – staple crop to send to England • Encouraged further ship building • Spurred on Triangular trade

18. Shape of Colonial America - North • Trade • North Atlantic Networking • Lacked means of production – colonies imported everything • Staple Crop Theory: • Colonies developed according to the staple commodities • Northern Colonies = Maritime commerce (Ships/Fish) • New England – developed staple exports • 2 problems with trade: • Lack of staple products • English Gov’t raised taxes on Colonial imports (Protect English Industry) • Colonies purchased more goods than sold • Unbalanced trade • Change of Plans (Colonies) • Use own ships to transport goods • Find new markets for staples • Led to triangular trade

19. Shape of Colonial - North • Moderation in all things… • Staunch religious practices • Adhere to religious observance • Keeping Sabbath holy • Knowledge derived from Bible • Strong patriarchal society • Search for God’s will • Direct accountability to God • Relationship were intimate • Congregational church • Gov. necessary – human sin/weakness • Women subordinate to men (as Eve was to Adam – Bible is reference) • Children followed parents • Parents provided land – industry • Increased trade = increased sectarian (worldly experiences) • Increase on non-religious folk – conflict of land and religious beliefs • This all led to further conflicts among New England colonies

20. Shape of Colonial - Middle • Mixed Benefits • Mixed economy • Shared similar economy to Northern • Wheat, oats, barley, cattle, etc • Shared benefits of Indian trade in Furs • Rivers gave access to back country • Mixed Ethnicities • Dutch culture lingered in middle colonies • Religious openness – • Quakers, Lutheran, Moravians, Mennonites • Open religion = more immigrants • Multiple ethnicities – German, Finn, Swedish • Commerce primary existence • Cities hugged the coast – easy access • Most cities held no more than 10% of colonial population • 1750 Philadelphia sported 30,000 • Society – became stratified with growth • Merchants formed upper crust • All other below merchants (sailors, artisans)