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Chapter 3: Ecosystems

What are they and how do they work?. Chapter 3: Ecosystems. Cell Review. Smallest functional unit of life Cell theory All living things are made of cells Single or multi-cellular Prokaryotic Eukaryotic. http://www.cic-caracas.org/departments/science/Topic1.php.

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Chapter 3: Ecosystems

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  1. What are they and how do they work? Chapter 3: Ecosystems

  2. Cell Review • Smallest functional unit of life • Cell theory • All living things are made of cells • Single or multi-cellular • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic

  3. http://www.cic-caracas.org/departments/science/Topic1.php

  4. http://www.uvm.edu/~inquiryb/webquest/fa06/mvogenbe/

  5. Ecology • Study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment (matter and energy) • Connections in Nature

  6. Levels of Organization http://www.ux1.eiu.edu/~cfruf/bio3002/levels_ecology.htm

  7. Species • Set of individuals that can mate and produce fertile offspring • Classification system • KPCOFGS • Genus species or Genus species

  8. Population • Group of individuals of the same species hat live in the same place a the same time • Variation – genetic diversity • Habitat – where they live

  9. Community • Biological community • All the populations of different species that live in a particular place

  10. Ecosystem • Community of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving environment (soil, water, other forms of matter, and energy) • No clear boundaries • Not isolated

  11. Biomes • Large regions of land with distinct climates and certain species • Especially vegetation • Aquatic Biomes • Marine • Freshwater (2%)

  12. http://www.life.illinois.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/04Ecosystems/BiomeMap.gifhttp://www.life.illinois.edu/bio100/lectures/s97lects/04Ecosystems/BiomeMap.gif

  13. Biosphere • The Global ecosystem in which all organisms exist and can interact wit one another • Parts of the • atmosphere • hydrosphere and • geosphere where life exists

  14. Atmosphere • Thin spherical envelope of gases surrounding the earths surface • Troposphere – greenhouse gases • Stratosphere – ozone layer

  15. http://qwickstep.com/search/?q=5+layers+of+the+atmosphere

  16. Hydrosphere • All the water on or near the earth’s surface • Liquid, solid, gas forms • 71% in Ocean

  17. Geosphere • Earth’s core, mantel and outer crust http://thegeosphere.pbworks.com/

  18. 3 Factors work together within the Spheres 4 spheres make up the Life – support System

  19. Gravity • Allows the planet to hold onto its atmosphere • Enables movement and cycling of chemicals through air, water, soil and organisms

  20. Recycling of Matter within and between Ecosystems

  21. One way flow of high quality energy

  22. http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/greenhouse-effect

  23. 2 components of an Ecosystem • Abiotic • Nonliving components • water, air, nutrients, rocks, heat, solar energy • Biotic • Living and once living biological components • Plants, animals, microbes

  24. Range of Tolerance • Different species and their populations thrive under different physical and chemical conditions

  25. Limiting Factor Principle • Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance • Contributes to population control • Examples?

  26. Trophic(feeding) levels • Producers • Autotrophs • “Self – feeders” • Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O = light = C6H12O6 + 6O2 • Chemosynthesis

  27. Trophic(feeding) levels • Consumers • Heterotrophs • “Other – feeders” • Herbivores, Carnivores, Higher-level Carnivores, Omnivores, • Decomposers, Detritivores

  28. Page 61 Science Focus Many of the World’s most important species are invisible to us

  29. The movement of nutrients (blue arrows) and energy (red arrows) and both (brown arrows) through the ecosystem http://apesnature.homestead.com/chapter2.html

  30. Food Chains • Sequence of organisms, each of which serves as a source of food or energy for the next http://producersconsumers.wikispaces.com/11

  31. Food Web Complex network of interconnected food chains http://envirosci.net/111/niches/niches.htm

  32. Useable energy decreases • Ecological efficiency • % of usable chemical energy transferred from one tropic level to the next • Typically 10% • Pyramid of Energy Flow

  33. http://www.mlms.logan.k12.ut.us/~mlowe/speds2o2b.html

  34. http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/ecological-pyramids

  35. Owl Pellets, Food Webs, and Biomass Pyramids

  36. Nutrient cycling in the biosphere

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