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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ATTIYA MALIK CLINICAL PHARMACIST. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. CONTENT. 1:PRINCIPAL. “ PARTICIPATE IN REGULATION OF ALL ACTIVITES” Nutrients Water Reproduction. 2: Organ of Endocrine system. INFORMATION TRANSMISSION.

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

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  1. ATTIYA MALIK CLINICAL PHARMACIST ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

  2. CONTENT

  3. 1:PRINCIPAL “PARTICIPATE IN REGULATION OF ALL ACTIVITES” • Nutrients • Water • Reproduction

  4. 2: Organ of Endocrine system

  5. INFORMATION TRANSMISSION Information is transmitted by HORMONES to different organs, tissues and non endocrine cells or glands by using different kinds of neurotransmitters.

  6. LOCATION Below the thalamus just above the brain stem. • SECRETION OF HYPOTHALAMUS: Secretion of hypothalamus is having inhibitory as well a releasing factors which may potentiate different functions.

  7. PITUITARY GLAND

  8. ANTERIOR PITUITARY

  9. POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE

  10. THYROID HORMONE

  11. PARATHYROID HORMONE Also called PTH and it deals with the calcium and potassium.

  12. Drug therapies

  13. 1: Drug use for Hypothalamus and Pituitary disorder

  14. MOA

  15. A. Positive Feedback • Not common • Classic example: Action of OXYTOCIN on uterine muscle during birth.

  16. Positive Feedback • Baby pushes on cervix • Nervous signal to Hypothalamus • OXY transported to POSTERIOR PITUITARY & released • OXY stimulates uterine contraction • Loop stops when baby leaves birth canal

  17. B. Negative Feedback • Most common control mechanism • Level of hormone in blood or body’s return to homeostasis shuts off loop at hypothalamus and pituitary

  18. Negative Feedback: Thyroid

  19. HYPOTHALAMIC DRUGs

  20. CORTICOTROPIN (anterior pituitary drug) • MOA: The target organ of ACTH Is the adrenal cortex ,where it binds to specific receptors on the cell surfaces it activates the G protein which will form cholesterol to pregnenolone which will convert to progesterone in the adrenal cortex which will in turn form cortisol .

  21. USES: • Anti inflammatory actions. • Addison disease. • Adrenal insufficiencies.

  22. SIDE EFFECTS • Toxicities. • problems with your vision • swelling, rapid weight gain, feeling short of breath • severe depression, unusual thoughts or behavior, seizure (convulsions) • bloody or tarry stools, coughing up blood • pancreatitis (severe pain in your upper stomach spreading to your back, nausea and vomiting, fast heart rate)

  23. OCTREOTIDE(inhibiting hormone) • MOA: It act like somatostatin which binds to different receptors sstr2 sstr5 . it is found in pancrease intestine and also in different neurons through out the body.so it may insulin ,glucagon and gastric release.

  24. USE: • Acromegaly. • Carcinoid tumor. • Tumor associated diarrhea vomiting. • Side effects: • Flatulence • Nausea • Gall bladder emptying is delayed.

  25. Posterior pituitary drugs • Desmopressin. • Lypressin. • Vasopressin. • Oxytocin.

  26. OXYTOCIN • MOA: Originally extracted from animal posterior pituitaries, is now chemically synthesized.and only use in obs/gyne. • USE: • Labour induction. • Milk ejection from mammary alveloi.

  27. Side effects: • Hypertension crisis. • Uterine contraction. • Water retention . • Fetal death. • Contraindicated in abnormal fetal distress and premature birth.

  28. Vasopressin • MOA: • Vasopressin is an antidiuretic hormone which is structurally related to oxytocin.it bind to nv 2 receptor in kidney which will increase the water premeability , its v 1 receptor are located in liver and pancrease.

  29. Uses : • Diabetes insipidus. • Antihypertensive . • Willbrands disease. • Trauma induced bleeding • Intraoperative and post operative bleeding Side effects: • Headache • Bronchoconstriction.

  30. Drugs Affecting The Thyroid • IODIDE. • LEVOTHYROXINE. • METHIMAZOLE. • PROPYLTHIOURACIL. • THYROXIN. • TRIIDOTHYRONIN.

  31. LEVOTHYROXIN • MOA: • It is synthetic preparation of thyroxin (t4) and it is a drug of choice for hypothyroidism it basically binds to circulating protein and globulin . • Most of the levothyroxine is converted to liothyronine t3 in peripheral tissues. • It binds to different locations like kidney liver and other tissues.

  32. Side effects • GIT effects : cramps , increase appetite. • Neurological effects: lightheadness, muscular weakness, hyperactivity, • May also have allergic reactions.

  33. Cont.. • Both t4 and t3 must dissociate from thyroxin binding protein prior to entre into the cells either by diffusion or by active transport.in the cell ,t4 is enzymatically deiodinated to t3 which enters the nucleus ands attach to specific receptors .the activation of these receptors promotes the formation of RNA and protein synthesis which is responsible for effect of t4.

  34. Hyperthyroidism(thyrotoxicosis) • Excessive amount of thyroid in the blood are associated with a number of disease including graves disease goiter and adenoma .in this situation TSH levels should be reduce or decrease its synthesis either through surgical or non surgical manners.

  35. PTU (propylthiouracil) MOA: PTU acts by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormone and peripheral conversion of t4 to t3.it does not interfere to previously stored and release hormone.so its action would be reduced until the store one is use first.

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