Review Chapters 1 - 3

1. Review Chapters 1 - 3

2. Instrument Currency • “To act as PIC of an aircraft on an IFR flight plan, one must have logged (within the preceding 6 months): • 6 approaches • holding • intercepting and tracking navigation courses • or passed an IPC

3. Currency 3 approaches, navigation, holding Need IPC

4. Aeronautical Decision Making • D etect a change • E stimate what is needed • C hoose a successful outcome • I dentify actions required • D o the necessary • E valuate

5. Hazardous attitudes • Anti-authority • rules and procedures are unnecessary • Macho • best pilot • Impulsivity • first action that comes to mind

6. Hazardous Attitudes • Invulnerability • bulletproof • Resignation • What’s the use?

7. Vestibular Disorientation • Coriolis illusion(in turn move head) • Graveyard spiral • Leans • Somatogravic illusion (acceleration = climb) • Inversion illusion (climb to S&L= backwards)

8. Disorientation • To prevent disorientation, one must rely on instruments, not body signals.

9. Hypoxia • Hypoxic • high altitudes • Hypemic • CO, anemia, smoking • Stagnant • high G’s • Histotoxic • alcohol, drugs

10. Hyperventilation • Drowsiness • Dizziness • Shortness of breath • Feelings of suffocation

11. Fundamental Skills • Cross Check • Instrument Interpretation • Aircraft Control

12. Fundamental Concepts • Rigidity in Space - a wheel with a heavily weighted rim spun rapidly tends to remain fixed in the plane in which it is spinning • Precession - when an outside force is applied the gyro responds as if the force had been applied at a point 900 further around in the direction of rotation

13. Instrument Checks • With the power off, warning flags display OFF indications • Inclinometer full of fluid and ball at lowest point • Turn on master and listen for grinding noise in electric gyros • After starting check ammeter

14. Instrument Checks • Listen for noise from vacuum gyros • If you think you hear noise, shut off the engine and listen to the gyros spin down • It can take 5 minutes for the gyros to reach full operating speed

15. Instrument Checks • While taxing out, the turn coordinator and heading indicator should indicate a turn in the correct direction • The ball should swing to the outside in turns • Align the heading indicator with the magnetic compass during runup and check again before takeoff

16. Magnetic Compass • Errors • Variation - the angular difference between the true and magnetic pole • Deviation - errors due to magnetic interference with the metal components of the aircraft • Magnetic dip - the compass tries to point down deep inside the earth

17. Pitot Static Instruments • Airspeed Indicator • Vertical Speed Indicator • Altimeter

18. Types of Airspeeds • Indicated - displays the speed of your plane. It is the basis for determining your aircraft performance • Calibrated is indicated corrected for installation and instrument error • Equivalent airspeed is calibrated airspeed corrected for adiabatic compressible flow at a particular altitude

19. Types of Airspeeds • True Airspeed is the actual speed your airplane moves through the air. The calibrated airspeed corrected for density altitude • Mach is the ratio of the aircraft’s true speed to the speed of sound

20. Types of Altitude • Indicated - is what you read on the altimeter • Pressure - is displayed when you have the altimeter set to 29.92. It is the vertical distance above the standard datum plane • Density - pressure corrected for nonstandard temperature

21. Types of Altitude • True - is the actual height of an object above mean sea level. • Absolute - is the actual height of the aircraft above the earth’s surface

22. System Errors • Can be caused by blockage of the pitot tube, static port or both • Blockages can be caused by moisture, ice, dirt or even insects • Use pitot tube cover when parked • Use pitot heat when flying in visible moisture

23. Pitot Blockage • Ram air inlet clogged, drain hole open pressure in line to airspeed indicator drops to zero, airspeed indicator indicates 0 • Ram air inlet clogged, drain hole clogged, air trapped in line, airspeed indicator does not react to changes in speed but altitude like an altimeter

24. Static Blockage • Airspeed indicator will continue to react to changes in airspeed but they will not be accurate • Altimeter will freeze in place • VSI will freeze at zero • Use alternate static source or break glass in VSI

25. VOR Receiver Checks • VOT • 180o TO, 360o FROM; +/- 4o • VOR Ground Checkpoint • Indicated radial; +/- 4o • VOR Airborne Checkpoint • Indicated radial; +/- 6o • Centerline of airway; +/- 6o • Dual VOR Check • Within 4o

26. Using the VOR • Basic VOR Indicator • each dot on CDI is 2o • full scale deflection is 10o • 1 deg in 60 nm is 1 nm • OBS • Horizontal Situation Indicator HSI • incorporates HI, CDI, Glideslope • makes easier to scan • not reverse sensing except for using on BC

27. ADF Navigation • Ground based transmitter • Low/medium frequency (AM) • Non-directional beacon (NDB) • Not line of sight • No receiver checks • No flags - listen to Morse code

28. What should be the indication on the magnetic compass as you roll into a standard rate turn to the left from an east heading in the Northern Hemisphere? A. The compass will indicate the approximate correct magnetic heading if the roll into the turn is smooth. B. The compass will initially indicate a turn to the right. C. The compass will remain on east for a short time, then gradually catch up to the magnetic heading of the aircraft.

29. What should be the indication on the magnetic compass as you roll into a standard rate turn to the left from an east heading in the Northern Hemisphere? A. The compass will indicate the approximate correct magnetic heading if the roll into the turn is smooth.

30. 7.4.8.8.8.A.1 I05 On what headings will the magnetic compass read most accurately during a level 360° turn, with a bank of approximately 15°? A. 135° through 225°. B. 90° and 270°. C. 180° and 0°.

31. 7.4.8.8.8.A.1 I05 On what headings will the magnetic compass read most accurately during a level 360° turn, with a bank of approximately 15°? B. 90° and 270°.

32. 7.4.8.5.4.A.1 L57 What indication should a pilot observe if an airspeed indicator ram air input and drain hole are blocked? A. The airspeed indicator will show a decrease with an increase in altitude. B. The airspeed indicator will react as an altimeter. C. No airspeed indicator change will occur during climbs or descents.

33. 7.4.8.5.4.A.1 L57 What indication should a pilot observe if an airspeed indicator ram air input and drain hole are blocked? B. The airspeed indicator will react as an altimeter.

34. 7.4.8.7.9.A.1 I05 What would be the indication on the VSI during entry into a 500 FPM actual descent from level flight if the static ports were iced over? A. The VSI pointer would remain at zero regardless of the actual rate of descent. B. The indication would be in reverse of the actual rate of descent (500 FPM climb). C. The initial indication would be a climb, then descent at a rate in excess of 500 FPM.

35. 7.4.8.7.9.A.1 I05 What would be the indication on the VSI during entry into a 500 FPM actual descent from level flight if the static ports were iced over? A. The VSI pointer would remain at zero regardless of the actual rate of descent.

36. How should you preflight check the altimeter prior to an IFR flight? A. Set the altimeter first with 29.92" Hg and then the current altimeter setting. The change in altitude should correspond to the change in setting. B. Set the altimeter to the current altimeter setting. The indication should be within 75 feet of the actual elevation for acceptable accuracy. C. Set the altimeter to the current temperature. With current temperature and the altimeter indication, determine the calibrated altitude to compare with the field elevation.

37. How should you preflight check the altimeter prior to an IFR flight? B. Set the altimeter to the current altimeter setting. The indication should be within 75 feet of the actual elevation for acceptable accuracy.

38. 7.4.9.1.2.A.1 I04 The pressure altitude at a given location is indicated on the altimeter after the altimeter is set to A. the field elevation. B. 29.92" Hg. C. the current altimeter setting.

39. 7.4.9.1.2.A.1 I04 The pressure altitude at a given location is indicated on the altimeter after the altimeter is set to B. 29.92" Hg.

40. What is the procedure for setting the altimeter when assigned an IFR altitude of 18,000 feet or higher on a direct flight off airways? A. Set the altimeter to the current altimeter setting until reaching the assigned altitude, then set to 29.92" Hg. B. Set the altimeter to the current reported setting for climbout and 29.92" Hg upon reaching 18,000 feet. C. Set the altimeter to 29.92" Hg before takeoff.

41. What is the procedure for setting the altimeter when assigned an IFR altitude of 18,000 feet or higher on a direct flight off airways? B. Set the altimeter to the current reported setting for climbout and 29.92" Hg upon reaching 18,000 feet. .

42. 2.4.1.0.9.A.1 I22 Under what condition will true altitude be lower than indicated altitude with an altimeter setting of 29.92" Hg? A. When density altitude is higher than indicated altitude. B. In colder than standard air temperature. C. In warmer than standard air temperature.

43. 2.4.1.0.9.A.1 I22 Under what condition will true altitude be lower than indicated altitude with an altimeter setting of 29.92" Hg? B. In colder than standard air temperature.

44. 7.4.9.0.2.A.1 I04 One characteristic that a properly functioning gyro depends upon for operation is the A. resistance to deflection of the spinning wheel or disc. B. deflecting force developed from the angular velocity of the spinning wheel. C. ability to resist precession 90° to any applied force.

45. 7.4.9.0.2.A.1 I04 One characteristic that a properly functioning gyro depends upon for operation is the A. resistance to deflection of the spinning wheel or disc.

46. What pretakeoff check should be made of the attitude indicator in preparation for an IFR flight? A. The horizon bar does not vibrate during warmup. B. The horizon bar should erect and become stable within 5 minutes. C. The miniature airplane should erect and become stable within 5 minutes.

47. What pretakeoff check should be made of the attitude indicator in preparation for an IFR flight? B. The horizon bar should erect and become stable within 5 minutes.

48. 7.4.9.0.1.A.1 I05 If a 180° steep turn is made to the right and the aircraft is rolled out to straight and level flight by visual reference, the miniature aircraft will A. show a slight climb and turn to the right. B. show a slight skid and climb to the right. C. show a slight climb and turn to the left.

49. 7.4.9.0.1.A.1 I05 If a 180° steep turn is made to the right and the aircraft is rolled out to straight and level flight by visual reference, the miniature aircraft will C. show a slight climb and turn to the left.

50. 7.4.8.8.2.A.1 L59 Prior to starting an engine, you should check the turn and slip indicator to determine if the A. needle is approximately centered and the tube is full of fluid. B. needle indication properly corresponds to the angle of the wings or rotors with the horizon. C. ball will move freely from one end of the tube to the other when the aircraft is rocked.