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Using GIS to Assess Parcel Suitability for Potential Park Locations

This study by Matthew Mullenax, GISP, examines how Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be utilized to identify potential park locations in Berkeley County, one of the fastest-growing counties in the U.S. The pilot project in Martinsburg, WV, illustrates the use of suitability modeling to evaluate land based on population density, proximity to existing parks, and major roads. The approach employs a weighted combination method to assess relative suitability scores, aiding in the development of a long-range park land acquisition strategy.

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Using GIS to Assess Parcel Suitability for Potential Park Locations

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  1. Using GIS to Assess Parcel Suitability for Potential Park Locations Matthew Mullenax, GISP Berkeley County Planning Commission

  2. Study Background: • 2006 Census estimates list Berkeley County as one of 100 fastest growing counties in U.S. • Growth has had impact on variety of public services, notably parks and recreation. • Berkeley County looking to develop long-range strategy for park land acquisition. • GIS can be used to help locate potential park sites via suitability modeling. • Pilot project performed on Martinsburg, WV.

  3. Suitability Modeling • A measure of the relative usefulness of a land unit for some given purpose. • Typically used to locate something. • If designed properly, the model results in potential locations being identified and assigned a relative suitability score for the activity. • Breaks a big problem down into smaller, easily-solved goals which are combined for a measure of suitability.

  4. Suitability Modeling and GIS

  5. Suitability Modeling and GIS • Weighted combination is one method of suitability modeling.

  6. Suitability Modeling and GIS • Weighted combination is one method of suitability modeling. • Weighted Sum Tool available with ESRI ArcGIS 9.2 Spatial Analyst extension license.

  7. Suitability Modeling and GIS • Weighted combination is one method of suitability modeling. • Weighted Sum Tool available with ESRI ArcGIS 9.2 Spatial Analyst extension license. • Three major steps must be completed before running the tool: • Select evaluation or utility scale. • Set scale or suitability values for inputs. • Assign weights to inputs.

  8. Building the model • Appropriate evaluation criteria: • Population • Existing parks • Roads

  9. Determine suitability of each input • Population – high population is preferred • Existing parks – areas distant from existing parks preferred • Roads – close proximity to major roads is preferred

  10. 1. Select evaluation or utility scale • Evaluation or utility scale works to normalize all input raster datasets. • A linear scale of 1 to 9 by 1 has proven to be workable. • >9 values difficult to visually comprehend; <9 values can decrease sensitivity

  11. Range of Suitability Values on Utility Scale: 1 = lowest suitability 2 = very low suitability 3 = low suitability 4 = moderately low suitability 5 = moderate suitability 6 = moderately high suitability 7 = high suitability 8 = very high suitability 9 = highest suitability

  12. 2. Set scale or suitability values for inputs. • The cells of each input raster in the analysis are assigned suitability values from the utility scale. • The assignment of suitability values for a single layer is called Single Utility Assignment (SUA).

  13. Population input • Central Dispatch address locations • Perform Density calculation • Use Reclassify tool to assign suitability values on utility scale (1 to 9 by 1)

  14. Set scale values for Population input 9 – 11 – 15 8 – 7.9 – 10 7 – 6.2 – 7.8 6 – 4.8 – 6.1 5 – 3.6 – 4.7 4 – 2.5 – 3.5 3 – 1.6 – 2.4 2 – 0.52 – 1.5 1 – 0 – 0.51 Reclassify

  15. Existing Parks input • Existing Martinsburg parks (9) • Perform Distance calculation • Use Reclassify tool to assign suitability values on utility scale (1 to 9 by 1)

  16. Set scale values for Parks input 9 – > 5280 feet 8 – 4621 - 5280 7 – 3961 - 4620 6 – 3301 - 3960 5 – 2641 - 3300 4 – 1981 - 2640 3 – 1321 - 1980 2 – 661 - 1320 1 – 0 – 660 Reclassify

  17. Roads input • Major roads (Routes 9, 11, and 45, King and Queen Streets, Edwin Miller Boulevard, Tavern Road) • Perform Distance calculation • Use Reclassify tool to assign suitability values on utility scale (1 to 9 by 1)

  18. Set scale values for Roads input 9 – 0 – 660 feet 8 – 661 – 1320 7 – 1321 – 1980 6 – 1981 – 2640 5 – 2641 – 3300 4 – 3301 – 3960 3 – 3961 – 4620 2 – 4621 – 5280 1 – > 5280 Reclassify

  19. 3. Assign weights to inputs • Each input is weighted, or assigned a percentage influence, based on its importance. • The total influence for all inputs must equal 100 percent. • Total Suitability = (criteria1 * weight1) + (criteria2 * weight2) + ... + (criterian * weightn)

  20. 3. Assign weights to inputs • Each input is weighted, or assigned a percentage influence, based on its importance. • The total influence for all inputs must equal 100 percent. • Total Suitability = (criteria1 * weight1) + (criteria2 * weight2) + ... + (criterian * weightn)

  21. SUAs combined to create Multiple Utility Assignment (MUA) (10%) (45%) (45%)

  22. Results in Suitability Map

  23. Implementing the Suitability Map by Parcel Assessment

  24. Implementing the Suitability Map by Parcel Assessment • Parcel assessment conducted using Zonal Statistics as Table Tool.

  25. Implementing the Suitability Map by Parcel Assessment • Parcel assessment conducted using Zonal Statistics as Table Tool. • Tool calculates a variety of statistics on values of a raster within the “zones” of another dataset.

  26. Using Zonal Statistics as Table Tool • Zone Layer is Parcel data. • Value Raster is MUA. • Creates table of statistics joined to Parcel data by unique PIN#.

  27. Parcel Assessment • Parcels mapped by MAX suitability value. • Use of MEAN causes smaller parcels to have higher values overall than larger parcels.

  28. Parcel Assessment (cont’d) • Select all parcels with score > 6.75. • Five areas identified. • First area apartment complex adjacent to school playground & church ball field (Martin’s Landing). • Second area apartment complex in commercial area (Courthouse Apartments). • Third area in large, phased subdivision in recently annexed West Side area (The Gallery). • Fourth area apartment complex with playground (Fountainhead Apartments). • Fifth area Downtown.

  29. Parcel Assessment (cont’d) • Inspect selected parcels ownership information, current use, etc. and determine feasibility. • If parcels unfeasible, run new query using next highest suitability values and re-perform inspection on newly selected parcels.

  30. Study Limitations/Future Considerations • Spatial accuracy of Roads and Address inputs in few small areas. • Lack of separation between residential vs. non-residential addresses. • Parks layer does not include school, church, and/or subdivision improved open spaces. • County inholdings, right-of-ways, municipal boundary shape have potential to influence results. • Method of weight determination not overly rigorous. • Consider creating distance grid from all roads vs. only major roads.

  31. Acknowledgements: • Steve Catlett Martinsburg-Berkeley County Parks & Recreation

  32. Questions? • Matthew Mullenax, GISP GIS Coordinator Berkeley County Planning Commission 400 West Stephen Street, Suite 203 Martinsburg, WV 25401 PH - (304) 267-5107 FX - (304) 262-3127 mmullenax@berkeleycountycomm.org

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