Europe in the Middle Ages

1. Europe in the Middle Ages Chapter 10

2. Europe in the Middle Ages can be categorized by 3 trends: • the spread of civilization to all of Europe • the spread of Christianity • growing contact with other civilizations in Asia, Africa & the Middle East

3. Politics

4. The Manorial System • Manorial system in place from the fall of Rome to the 10th century • “Manorialism was the system of economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers.” • Landlords own self-sufficient estate or manor, run on agriculture. • Three-field & iron moldboard system made life easier—produced more food

5. Three-field System

6. Serfs on a Manor • Serfs worked on the manors • Received protection and small amount of land • Worked on lord’s fields, paid taxes to lord • Could not leave the lord’s land • Serfs had to pay a portion of their own crops to landlord to: • graze their livestock in his fields • mill their grain in his mill • Also had to work on lord’s castle a certain number of days a year • Serfs not slaves • Couldn’t be bought or sold • Owned their house & land • Could pass on their items to their children

9. The Church • Some Church leaders sought secular power. • Pope Gregory VII and reform • priests to be unmarried • Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and investiture • Some secular leaders sought power over the Church. • The Inquisition Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV with Antipope Clement III

10. Feudal Monarchies • Growing territory under one feudal lord • Feudalism as a replacement for bureaucracy • Prevention of a strong emperor / central government • Feudal alliances in France for the Capetian family • Rulers gradually developed a bureaucracy, hiring business people to staff it. Coronation of the Capetian king Philip II in France

11. Limited Government • Lack of central authority in Germany and Italy (Holy Roman Empire) • Church role in limited government • Feudal lords challenge growing power of monarchies • Magna Carta in England • Creation of parliaments • Parliaments represent the 3 estates • No concept of citizenship or democracy • Monarchs growing power and the idea of a nation • Hundred Years’ War King John signs the Magna Carta, surrounded by Feudal lords

12. Economics

13. Economic Development & The Rise of Cities • New agricultural techniques & technology • iron moldboard plow • three-field system • horse collar • End of Viking raids • Population growth forces people to find new ways to make money • Loosening of serfdom • Foreign food • Education in cities a medieval university in Paris

14. Strains in Rural Life • Improvements to agriculture means improvements to the lives of serfs and peasants. • Nobles kept working in the military and in agriculture—but wanted to make more money like the merchants. • Lords taxed serfs and peasants more, causing them to be angry and revolt. • More complex society = more social strains • On the whole: serfs & peasants had greater freedom. a peasant revolt in England in the 14th century

15. Growth of Trade & Banking • Cities allowed for specialized manufacturing and commercial activities, which then promoted more trade. • Rise of banking & increased money use • Trade with other parts of the world • Development of commercial alliances • Hanseatic League in northern Germany and Scandanavia • Investment in international trade medieval banking

16. Guilds • Guilds are a group of people in the same business or trade in a single city. • Artisan guilds • Merchant guilds

17. Religion

18. Religious Reform • Pope Gregory VII • St. Clare of Assisi • Great Schism • Avignon vs. Rome • Jan (John) Hus Jan Hus

20. Faith & Reason in Theology • Preserving ancient knowledge • St. Augustine • Aristotle • How to combine these two traditions? • Advances in theology and philosophy • logic to prove God’s existence • Opposition to rationalist thought • Bernard of Clairvaux and the mystical union with God • New knowledge imported from other cultures • Thomas Aquinas • scholasticism

21. Popular Religion • Most people illiterate—relied on rituals and religious art • Popular religious devotion • Devotion to Mary • Veneration of the saints • Leftover Pagan beliefs sometimes mixed with Christian beliefs a medieval Madonna painting

22. Religion in Art & Literature • Art reflects popular view of religion • Art & architecture intended to serve the glory of God • Romanesque to Gothic design • Literature in Latin and vernacular • Beowulf • Canterbury Tales

23. Rogier van der Weyden Bladelin Triptych

24. Society

25. The Rise of the Middle Class • Cities allow for a new class to emerge: not peasants but not nobles • Middle-class makes its money by buying & selling goods (merchants) • Middle-class able to become more educated in cities medieval merchants

26. The Role of Women • spiritual equality of men and women under Christianity • women’s impact on theology • Urban women worked with their merchant husbands • Craft guilds forbade women The Moneylender and His Wife by Quentin Matsys

27. References • Pictures • Depiction of a Manor House. “End of Europe’s Middle Ages”.Applied History Research Group. University of Calgary, 1997. Web. 11 March 2014. • All About Medieval Europe. “Medieval Europe”. Mrs. Hals’ Classrooms and Clubs. Wikispaces, 2014. Web. 11 March 2014. • “The Black Death”. Shoeing in the Middle Ages. Word Press, 11 June 2012. Web. 11 March 2014. • “Illuminating Fashion: Dress in the Art of Medieval France and the Netherlands – new exhibition at The Morgan Library and Museum” Medievalists.netWordpress, 21 May 2011. Web. 12 March 2013. • “Banking Medieval Style.” Paradoxplace. Paradoxplace.com. Web. 12 March 2014. • "1902 Coat of Arms of Guilsd I. Weaver.” CabinetOfTreasures. Etsy. Web. 12 March 2014. • The Great Schism (1378-1415). “Seven Historical Events that Prepared the Way for the Reformation”. Credo House Ministries. Parchment and Pen. 26 Nov 2012. Web. 13 March 2014. • “St Thomas Acquinas”. Monastary Icons. Monastary Icons. 2014. Web. 13 March 2014. • Rogier van der Weyden, Bladelin Triptych. “Jan Van Eyck's Arnolfini "Wedding" Portrait”. Suny Oneonta. Oneonta.edu. Web. 13 March 2014. • Fabien1309. “Cathedrale vue de montjuzet detail". Wikimedia.26 April 2006. Web. 13 March 2014. • “Rise of the Medieval City”. Webquest.orgPacific.edu. 9. Oct 2005. Web. 14 March 2014. • Information • Stearns, Peter N. et al. “A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe.” World Civilizations: The Global Experience. Pearson Education, New York: 2006. Print. p. 213-236.