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Methods of Observation

This guide explores various methods of observational research in behavioral science, detailing how to systematically define and record behaviors. Key techniques include outcome recording, event recording, interval recording, and time sampling, each suited for specific behavioral patterns. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of reliability and validity in observations, along with experimental methods such as single-subject designs and reversal designs. These approaches help establish causality and account for alternative explanations in behavioral analysis and modification.

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Methods of Observation

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  1. Methods of Observation

  2. 1. Define Target Beh2. Gather Info about beh Recall

  3. 1. Outcome recording2. Event recording3. Interval recording4. Time Sample REcording Methods

  4. * Beh produces unique result* Define the beh in terms of whether or not it occurred Outcome Recording

  5. * Observe beh while it is occurring* Keep track of each instance Event Recording

  6. * Nonuniformbeh* Develop observation time in intervals* Did beh occur in that time interval Interval Recording

  7. * Can be used for more than 2 beh* Sampling with discontinuous intervals Time Sample Recording

  8. * Reliability measure of accuracy of your observations* Validity measures whether you observing what you think you are Reliability and Validity of Everyday Observations

  9. Reliability & Validity • Reliability: consistency in results; accuracy • Repeated observations over time • Compare observations by more than 1 observer • More agreement more reliability • Validity: measuring what you think you’re measuring • Make use of outside observers • Does beh look like everyday instance?

  10. Experimental Methods • Single-subject experiment • Presenting and withholding treatment (the actual beh modification technique) • Study one person repeatedly over time • Establishes baseline • Established reliability • Rules out alternative explanations

  11. Comparison (AB) Design Baseline (A) Treatment (B) Number Of Beh DAYS • One baseline phase ; one treatment phase • Does not rule out alternative explanations for change in beh

  12. ABA Reversal Design Baseline (A) Treatment (B) Baseline (A) Number Of Beh DAYS • One baseline phase ; one treatment phase; back to baseline phase • DOES rule out alternative explanations for change in beh

  13. ABAB Multiple Reversal Design Baseline (A) Treatment (B) Baseline (A) Treatment (B) Number Of Beh DAYS • One baseline phase ; one treatment phase; back to baseline phase; another • Treatment phase • DOES rule out alternative explanations for change in beh • Can be used to compare two behaviors (see pg 91)

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