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1. AP EXAM REVIEW!Part VII

2. #7 The Early Twentieth Century

3. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) The Populist movement dissipated, but not before raising the possibility of reform through government Building on Populism’s achievements and adopting some of it’s goals (direct election of senators, opposition to monopolies), the PROGRESSIVES came to dominate the first two decades of twentieth century American politics Populists were farmers, Progressives were urban, middle class reformers
4. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) The Progressive Movement Consisted of many groups made up of educated, middle class citizens National Woman Suffrage Association, American Bar Association, National Municipal League Progressivism got a further boost from journalists who wrote exposés of corporate greed and misconduct Called MUCKRAKERS by Teddy Roosevelt Revealed widespread corruption in urban management Ida Tarbell’s History of Standard Oil Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle These raised the moral stakes for Progressives New groups arose to lead this fight W.E.B. Du Bois headed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) The feminist movement (led by Margaret Sanger), eventually won the right to vote with passage of the 19th Amendment
5. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) The Progressive Movement (cont.) Robert LaFollette, Wisconsin governor, led the way for many Progressive state leaders Implemented a plan for direct primary elections, progressive taxation, and rail regulation Many states extended greater power to the voters such as: Ballot initiative: voters could propose new laws Referendum: allowed the public to vote on new laws Recall election: gave voters the power to remove officials from office before their terms expired Progressive also won a number of victories on the state level Limitations on the length of the work day Minimum-wage requirements Child labor laws Urban housing codes Progressive income taxes (
6. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) The Progressive Movement (cont.) The most prominent Progressive leader was THEODORE ROOSVELT First to successfully use the Sherman Antitrust Act against monopolies Earned the nickname “the Trustbuster” Tightened food and drug regulations Created national parks Broadened the government’s power to protect land from overdevelopment President’s Taft and Wilson continued to promote Progressive ideals William Howard Taft Spearheaded the drive for two constitutional amendments 16th: instituted a national income tax 17th: allowed for direct election of senators Pursued monopolies even more aggressively than Roosevelt
7. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) The Progressive Movement (cont.) Woodrow Wilson (the third Progressive President) A Democrat who attempted to distinguish himself from the previous Republicans (Roosevelt, Taft) Wilson referred to his ideas and policies as NEW FREEDOM The Progressive Era is a turning point in American history because it marks the ever-increasing involvement of the federal government in our daily lives Prohibition took effect during the era Thomas Jefferson suggested the limiting the power of the federal government while protecting individual liberty Wilson now argued that the federal government had to assume greater control over business to protect a man’s freedom Roosevelt: there were “good and bad trusts” Wilson: Trusts were monopolies which violated freedom for workers and consumers
8. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) The Progressive Movement (cont.) Wilson created THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION He also lobbied for THE CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT (1914) Also created the FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM Gave government greater control over the nation’s finances Progressivism lasted until the end of WWI
9. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) Foreign Policy and U.S. Entry into World War I Roosevelt differed from his predecessors on domestic policy, but he concurred on foreign policy He was a devout imperialist TR strong armed Cuba into accepting the PLATT AMENDMENT which committed Cuba to American semi-control Cuba couldn’t make a treaty without U.S. approval Roosevelt was equally involved in Central America Set his sights on building a canal, which would greatly shorten the sea trip from the East Coast to California Congress approved a canal through Panama, a province of Columbia Columbia asked for more than the government was willing to spend The U.S. encouraged Panamanians to revolt, and supported their revoltion
10. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) Foreign Policy and U.S. Entry into World War I (cont.) The new Panamanian government gave the U.S. a much better deal Throughout the next 20 years, the U.S. intervened in Central America claiming that the domestic instability of the region constituted a threat to American security. This assertion came to be known as the ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO THE MONROE DOCTRINE AKA the Big Stick Policy
11. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) Foreign Policy and U.S. Entry into World War I (cont.) When war broke out in Europe, Wilson immediately declared the U.S. policy of NEUTRALITY Treat all the belligerents fairly and without favoritism Wilson hoped the U.S. could help settle the conflict and emerge as the world’s arbiter Problem: England was our close ally, most of the population and government openly favored them England’s superior navy imposed an effective blockade on shipments headed for Germany Germany countered with submarine (U-Boats) Sank the Lusitania, killing 1,200 (128 Americans) The Germans ceased submarine war (temporarily) due to the bad publicity it generated
12. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) Foreign Policy and U.S. Entry into World War I (cont.) Wilson campaigned in 1916 under the slogan “He kept us out of war” Wilson put the military into a state of “preparedness” just in case of war While most Americans wanted to stay out, support was beginning to grow Early 1917: British intercepted a telegram from German Foreign Minister Zimmerman, called THE ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM Outlined a German plan to keep the U.S. out of the European war If Mexico declared war on the U.S., Germany would provide Mexico with help in regaining the lands lost in the Mexican War (The Mexican Cession!) The telegram convinced many Americans that Germany was trying to take over the world Within a month, America would declare war on Germany
13. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) World War I and its Aftermath As is often the case during wartime, the government’s power expanded greatly during the three years of American involvement in the war THE WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD: created to coordinate all facets of industrial and agricultural production In response to the still-sizable opposition, Congress passed the ESPIONAGE ACT (1917) and the SEDITION ACT (1918) Espionage Act: prohibited anyone from using the U.S. mail system to interfere with the war and draft (the draft was instituted) Sedition Act: made it illegal to try to prevent the sale of war bonds or to speak disparagingly of the government, the flat, the military, or the Constitution Like the Alien and Sedition Acts in the late 1790s, both laws violated the spirit of the First Amendment
14. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) World War I and its Aftermath These laws soon became useful tools for the suppression of anyone who voiced unpopular ideas The Russian Revolution increased paranoia (1917) which placed Russia under Communist control Americans feared a communist takeover Eugene Debs, a Socialist leader, was imprisoned for criticizing the war A new government agency, THE FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION, was created to prevent radicals from taking over J. Edgar Hoover headed the agency and continued to run it into the 1970s The PALMER RAIDS (early 1920) abandoned all pretext of respecting civil rights and arrested 4,000 radicals
15. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) World War I and its Aftermath The COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC INFORMATION (CPI) Created images of the Germans as cold-blooded, baby-killing, power-hungry Huns Used lectures, movie theaters, newspapers and magazines Rejected all things German Changed sauerkraut to “liberty cabbage” New opportunities for women The number of women in the workforce didn’t change, but their means of employment did Women quit domestic work and began working in factories These advances ended with the war, veterans returned home and reclaimed these jobs
16. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) World War I and its Aftermath (cont.) African Americans Realized that wartime manufacturing created jobs in the North and migrated to big cities (New York, Chicago, St. Louis, Detroit) More than 500,000 left the South in search of work Many joined the army; W.E.B. Du Bois encouraged black to enlist, hoping that military service would provide social equality The army segregated blacks and assigned them mostly to menial labor American participation in the war tipped the balance in the Allies’ favor, and two years after America’s entry, the Germans were ready to negotiate peace Wilson wanted the war treaty to be guided by his FOURTEEN POINTS (his plan for world peace) which was delivered to Congress in January of 1918
17. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) World War I and its Aftermath (cont.) The Fourteen Points Free trade through lower tariffs and freedom of seas Reduction of arms supplies on all sides Promotion of self-determination in Europe and overseas In other words, the end of colonialism Creation of the League of Nations: a mechanism for international cooperation much like today’s United Nations European Allies wanted a peace settlement that punished Germany, and they got it The Treaty of Versailles Germany was forced to cede German and colonial territories to the Allies, disarm itself, pay huge reparations, and admit that the war was Germany’s fault Germany was humiliated and left in ruins, setting the stage for World War II
18. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) World War I and its Aftermath (cont.) Treaty’s signed by the president (like the Treaty of Versailles) are subject to Senate ratification, and a conflict arose This conflict was over the League of Nations, mainly Article X of the League’s covenant Article X: this article curtailed America’s ability to act independently in foreign affairs, especially Congress’s power to declare war The Senate split into three groups Democrats: sided with Wilson, willing to accept America’s entry into the League Irreconcilables: Group of Republicans who were totally opposed to the League Reservationists: Group of Republicans (led by Henry Cabot Lodge), would accept it, with reservations (changes)
19. The Progressive Era and World War I (1900-1920) World War I and its Aftermath (cont.) Wilson was stubborn and unable to accept what were known as the Lodge Reservations The Democrats and Irreconcilables joined forces and defeated the treaty, which had been amended to include the changes suggested by Henry Cabot Lodge and the Reservationists Thus, the United States was not signatory of the Treaty of Versailles, but also never joined the League of Nations (which was created by our own president!) America was receding into a period of isolationism, and the League could have brought us into a European war without the consent of Congress The public wanted less interaction with Europe, not more
20. The Jazz Age and the Great Depression (1920-1933) After World War I the American economy started to grow rapidly By 1922, America was hitting new peaks of prosperity every day Electric motors was largely responsible for this boom (much like computers in the 1990s) These powered industrial machines and home appliances
21. The Jazz Age and the Great Depression (1920-1933) Pro-Business Republican Administrators As the progressive reform ended, Americans became more comfortable with the idea of large, successful businesses Department stores: offered convenience and reasonable prices Automobile industry: offered products that made life more convenient Government became more PRO-BUSINESS All three of the era’s presidents, Harding, Coolidge, Hoover, pursued pro-business policies and surrounded themselves with like minded advisors Harding (an honest man), surrounded himself with corrupt advisors TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL: oil companies bribed Albert Fall (secretary of the interior) in order to drill on public lands Harding died in office, Coolidge (his VP) assumed the presidency
22. The Jazz Age and the Great Depression (1920-1933) Pro-Business Republican Administrators Coolidge finished Harding’s term, and ran for a term of his own, running on slogan “Coolidge Prosperity” Coolidge won easily and continued Harding’s conservative policies Pushed for lower income-tax rates Pro-business atmosphere of the era led to a temporary decline in the popularity of labor unions Membership levels dropped throughout the decade Welfare capitalism: businesses offered pension plans, opportunities for profit sharing, and company parties designed to foster a communal spirit at work (dissuading workers from organizing)
23. The Jazz Age and the Great Depression (1920-1933) Modern Culture No consumer product better typified the new spirit of the nation than the AUTOMOBILE At first they were expensive conveniences, only the extremely wealthy could afford them Henry Ford perfected the assembly line and mass production, which lowered the cost By the end of the decade, most middle-class families could afford a car, giving birth to the SUBURBS Suburbs transformed the automobile from a convenience to a necessity The automobile quickly transformed the country, forcing the construction of roadways and the means of policing traffic
24. The Jazz Age and the Great Depression (1920-1933) Modern Culture (cont.) Radio followed automobiles in changing the nations culture Ten million families owned radios The advertising industry grew up during the decade to hype all of the new products Appliances for the home Consumerism required money, single-earner households couldn’t afford to “keep up with the Joneses” so women entered the working world Stayed in predominately female jobs (“pink collar jobs”) such as school teaching, office-assistant, and earned much less than men The Flapper: a new image of American woman after WWI Discarded the corset, layers of petticoats and long, dark dresses Favored waistless dresses worn above the knee (which was shocking!), flesh colored stockings (Paris influence), little hats, ruby-red lips Smoked cigarettes, drank in public (despite Prohibition), dancing
25. The Jazz Age and the Great Depression (1920-1933) Modern Culture (cont.) Movies grew tremendously popular Young, independent minded, gorgeous heroes defied the odds to succeed in romance and strike it rich Sports grew more popular as well Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, and Red Grange were idolized by millions America gained prominence through literature as well F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway The Harlem Renaissance Theaters, clubs, newspapers sprang up in New York City’s largest black neighborhood The popularization of jazz symbolized the black development as well, with Louis Armstrong becoming famous
26. The Jazz Age and the Great Depression (1920-1933) Backlash Against Modern Culture Not all Americans were excited about this transition, and the 1920s were a time of considerable backlash and renewed nativism The Ku Klux Klan grew to 5 million and widened its targets Attacking blacks, Jews, urbanites, anyone whose behavior deviated from the Klan’s narrowly minded views of Christian behavior Anti-immigration groups grew as well, targeting the growing number of southern and Eastern immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti intensified these fears Emergency Quota Act of 1924: set immigration quotas based on national origins and discriminated against “new immigrants” who came from Southern and Eastern Europe Reduced “foreign influence” on the country
27. The Jazz Age and the Great Depression (1920-1933) Backlash Against Modern Culture Another famous trial was the SCOPES TRIAL John Scopes broke the law forbidding teachers to teach the theory of evolution (Tennessee) 19th century morals played a part in the institution of Prohibition, which banned the manufacture, sale, or transport of alcoholic beverages 18th Amendment outlawed drinking People came to resent the government’s intrusion on what they thought to be a private matter Organized crime weakened Prohibition, earning this period the title of the “gangster era” Prohibition was repealed in 1933
28. The Jazz Age and the Great Depression (1920-1933) Herbert Hoover and the Beginning of the Great Depression 1928, Republicans nominated Herbert Hoover Hoover parlayed a strong economy into an easy victory, much like Coolidge October 1929, the bottom fell out of the stock market Banks and huge corporations found themselves bankrupt and unable to pay employees or guarantee bank deposits Production of so many goods produced a surplus, prices dropped Government’s lack of regulating large businesses had led to the concentration of wealth and power in a few businessmen When their businesses failed, people were thrown out of work
29. The Jazz Age and the Great Depression (1920-1933) Hoover and the Beginning of the Great Depression (cont.) Homeless built shantytowns sarcastically called “Hoovervilles” Farmers struggled to survive in rural areas as prices dropped more than 50% A prolonged drought afflicted the Great Plains of the Midwest, turning the region into a giant DUST BOWL Hoover opposed any federal relief efforts at first, believing in “rugged individualism” in America As the Depression worsened he initiated a few programs to create jobs (works projects created the Hoover Dam) The Hawley Smoot Tariff: Highest protective tariff in U.S. history, but actually worsened the economy
30. The Jazz Age and the Great Depression (1920-1933) Hoover and the Beginning of the Great Depression (cont.) Hoover’s most embarrassing moment came in 1932 when Congress considered early payment to WWI veterans Tens of thousands of impoverished veterans and their families came to Washington to lobby for the bill Called themselves the BONUS EXPEDITIONARY FORCE The bill was defeated and the veterans refused to leave, built shanties and stayed through the summer In July Hoover ordered the Army to expel them, which Douglas MacArthur chose to do with excessive force Using cavalry and attacking with tear gas, Army forces drove them out and burned their makeshift homes News of this killed any chance Hoover had for reelection FDR won the election of 1932 easily
31. The New Deal and WorlD War II (1934-1945) The First New Deal In his inaugural address, FDR declared war on the Depression His sweeping reforms were called THE NEW DEAL The FIRST HUNDRED DAYS During this time the government implemented most of the major programs assiciated with the first New Deal Emergency Banking Relief Bill: put poorly managed banks under control of the Treasury Department Made banks safe again for the people Banking Act of 1933: created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to guarantee bank deposits Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): provided payments to farmers in return for their agreement to cut production by up to one-half (remember, a problem leading to the Depression was overproduction)
32. The New Deal and WorlD War II (1934-1945) The First New Deal (cont.) The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA): consolidated businesses and coordinated their activities to help stop overproduction, and stabilizing prices The Public Works Administration (PWA): set aside $3 billion to create jobs building roads, sewers, public housing, etc. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): provided grants to the states to manage their own PWA-like projects Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): provided energy to the Tennessee Valley region, led to the economic recovery of the area The First New Deal was an immediate success, both politically and economically The unemployment rate fell and wages rose 1934 midterm elections: Democrats increased their majorities in both houses
33. The New Deal and WorlD War II (1934-1945) The Second New Deal Not everyone was happy with the New Deal Conservatives: opposed the higher tax rates and disliked the increase in government power over business. Also, complained that relief programs removed the incentive for the poor to lift themselves out of poverty Leftists: complained the AAA policy of paying farmers not to grow was immoral, given that many Americans were still too poor to feed themselves. Also felt that government policy toward businesses was too favorable; they wanted more punitive measures because they blamed the corporate greed for the Depression Socialists and Communists gained popularity calling for the nationalization (takeover by the government) of businesses
34. The New Deal and WorlD War II (1934-1945) The Second New Deal (cont.) Supreme Court started to dismantle some of the programs the First New Deal Invalidated sections of the NIRA, saying they were “executive legislation” and only Congress as the power to pass legislation Roosevelt argued that, like war, the Great Depression had created a national crisis, granting the expansion of executive power Supreme Court also struck down the AAA Roosevelt responded with his “court packing” plan, attempting to grow the Supreme Court from 9 to 15 justices, and appointing justices who supported his policies (rejected by Congress) Roosevelt continued with a package of legislation called the SECOND NEW DEAL
35. The New Deal and WorlD War II (1934-1945) The Second New Deal: Emergency Relief Appropriation Act: created the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which later became the Works Project Administration Created more than 8 million jobs, paid for by the government Employed writers, photographers, other artists to create travel guides and record local and personal histories Summer of 1935, Roosevelt’s SECOND HUNDRED DAYS Social Security Administration: provides retirement benefits for many workers, including the disabled and families whose main breadwinner had died Government increased taxes on wealthy individuals and top-end business profits This swept Roosevelt into office with a landslide victory in 1936
36. The New Deal and World War II (1934-1945) New Deal: Failure or Success? Failure Didn’t fix unemployment Government spending went up, increasing the federal deficit Created today’s social welfare system Minorities were segregated and underhired in New Deal Programs Many people escaped life threatening poverty due to government assistance Reformed banking, finance, management in ways still recognizable today Success
37. The New Deal and World War II (1934-1945) Foreign Policy Leading up to World War II The Washington Conference (1921-1922): gathered eight of the world’s great powers, resulting in a treaty setting limits on stockpiling armaments and reaffirmed the Open Door Policy towards China Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): signed by 62 nations, condemned war as a means of foreign policy Contained no enforcement clauses, but was still considered a step in the right direction toward a postwar age Good Neighbor Policy (1934: The U.S. tried to back away from its previous interventionist policy The name was misleading as the U.S. continued to actively promote its interests in Latin America
38. The New Deal and World War II (1934-1945) Foreign Policy Leading up to World War II (cont.) Foreign Policy in Asia Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, violating the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which Japan had signed League of Nations was powerless, America couldn’t do anything Japan went to war vs. China, the U.S. sold arms to the Chinese and called for an embargo on arms sales to Japan U.S. did not call for an embargo on all shipments to Japan, fearing it would provoke war The Neutrality Acts: Prohibited the sale of arms to either belligerent in a war FDR sidestepped this in 1937, selling arms to China Banned loans to belligerants
39. The New Deal and World War II (1934-1945) Foreign Policy Leading up to World War II (cont.) While all of this was happening, FDR poured money into the military – just in case. He argued to repeal the first neutrality act as Europe plunged into war so America could help the Allies (England, France, Soviets) When war broke out, Congress reacted with the third neutrality act “Cash and carry” policy: required the Allies to pay cash for their weapons, and come to the U.S. to pick up their purchases and carry them away on their own ships As Hitler invaded France, the chance that America might soon enter the war convinced Roosevelt to run for an unprecedented third term, and he won convincingly
40. The New Deal and World War II (1934-1945) Foreign Policy Leading up to World War II (cont.) With limits allowed in the neutrality acts, FDR worked to assist the Allies, finding creative ways to supply them. Came up with the LEND-LEASE ACT Lend Lease: permitted the U.S. to “lend” armaments to England, which no longer had money to buy the tools of war Sent American ships into the war zone to protect Lend-Lease shipments Given all of this activity in Europe, it was odd that America’s entry into the war came not in Europe, but in Asia TRIPARTITE PACT: allied Japan with Germany and Italy The U.S. cut off trade to Japan as Japan expanded in the Pacific Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941, and U.S. participation in the war began
41. The New Deal and World War II (1934-1945) World War II You do not need to know about the military strategy, outcome of key battles, and the unspeakable horrors the Nazi’s perpetrated on Europe’s Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, and dissidents You should know about the various wartime conferences when the Allies met to discuss military strategy and the eventual postwar situation It’s no secret that the Grand Alliance between the Soviet Union and the West was tenuous at best, held together by the thread of a common enemy
42. The New Deal and World War II (1934-1945) World War II (cont.) The first meeting of the “big three” (Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin) took place in Teheran (Iran capital) in November of 1943 This is where they planned the Normandy invasion (D-DAY) and agreed to divide a defeated Germany into occupation zones after the war Stalin also agreed to enter the war against Japan once Hitler had been defeated Until 1944, the Allied forces primarily fought the Germans in the Soviet Union and Mediterranean (Africa and Italy) The entrance of the U.S. into the war won the war of attrition vs. Germany, and also accelerated victory in the East by dropping two atomic bombs on Japan
43. The New Deal and World War II (1934-1945) World War II (cont.) During the war the government acquired more power than it previously had (just like in the Civil War, WWI, and the New Deal) The War Production Board allowed the government to oversee the mobilization of industry toward the war effort RATIONING of almost all consumer goods was imposed Government sponsored scientific research directed at improving weaponry Radar and the atomic bomb Hollywood was enlisted to create numerous propaganda flims To encourage support on the home front and to boost morale of troops overseas
44. The New Deal and World War II (1934-1945) World War II (cont.) Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 Created the first peacetime draft in U.S. history and established the Selective Service System, which ultimately provided about 10 million soldiers toward the war effort The drat was discontinued in 1973 (after Vietnam) but the Selective Service System is still in place, requiring all male citizens register for the draft within 18 days of turning 18 More than one million African Americans served in the U.S. military during WWII, but they lived and worked in segregated units Rosie the Riveter: came to symbolize the millions of women who worked in war-related industrial jobs during WWII
45. The New Deal and World War II (1934-1945) World War II (cont.) The government restricted civil liberties during the war (as during WWII) JAPANESE AMERICAN INTERNMENT (1942-end of war) Fearful that the Japanese might serve as enemy agents within U.S. borders, the government imprisoned more than 110,000 Japanese Americans (over 2/3 who had been born in the U.S.) None imprisoned were ever charged with a crime, imprisonment was based entirely on ethic background Most lost their homes and possessions as a result of the internment The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of both the evacuation and internment
46. The New Deal and World War II (1934-1945) The End of the War As the war neared its end in Europe, the apparent victors (the Allies) met to discuss the fate of postwar Europe In Feb of 1945, the Allied leaders met at YALTA and redrew the world map Stalin wanted a “buffer zone” between the Soviets and Western Europe, surrounding himself with nations that were friendly toward the government in Moscow Established Soviet SATELLITES and the IRON CURTAIN (a metaphor coined by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe the symbolic division of Eastern and Western Europe)
47. The New Deal and World War II (1934-1945) The End of War (cont.) Agreed to create the United Nations to mediate future international disputes The Allies met again in POTSDAM to decide how to implement the agreements of Yalta (Truman represented the U.S. because FDR had died in April) The differences between the U.S. and Soviets were growing more pronounced as the end of the war grew near Truman decided to the use the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending the war soon after