East Meets West

1. East Meets West The Crusades

2. The Crusades: Causes European Expansionism • Conversion of Vikings and Magyars removes pressure on Europe • Agricultural advances increase food supply • Battle of Hastings, 1066 • Capture of Toledo from Moslems, 1087 • Capture of Sicily from Moslems, 1091

3. Europe 1000-1100

4. The Crusades: Causes Roman-Byzantine Rivalry • Great Schism, 1064 • Cluniac (Benedictine) Reform causes church in West to be more attentive to business and provides impetus to attempts to reassert control

5. The Crusades: Causes Events in Moslem World • Battle of Manzikert, 1071. • Byzantines lose Anatolia to Turks. • Loss foreshadows eventual end of Byzantine Empire. • Turks disrupt pilgrim traffic.

6. Call for a Crusade • Urban II calls for Crusade, 1095 • Objectives • Drive Turks from Anatolia • Obligate the Byzantines • Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome's terms • Capture Holy Land

7. Major Events of Crusades • I Crusade 1097-1098 • Achieves all major objectives in Holy Land • Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated • Area not strategic to Moslems, could have been held indefinitely with a little skill. • Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling. • Crusaders attempt to destabilize neighbors

8. Major Events of Crusades • II Crusade, 1147-1148 • Military failure, discredits Crusaders as military threat • III Crusade, 1189-1191 • Well-known in literature (Robin Hood) • Involved Richard I of England, Phillip II of France, Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire • Saladin on Moslem side.

9. Major Events of Crusades IV Crusade, 1199-1204 • Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual contempt. • To finance crusade, Crusaders work for Venetians • Crusaders sack Constantinople, 1204 • Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost. • In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.

10. Major Events of Crusades • V Crusade 1218-1219 • Capture Damietta, swap for Jerusalem • Moslems agree • Crusaders try to conquer Egypt, are routed • VI Crusade 1229 • Frederick II of Germany did little fighting and a lot of negotiation • Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the other holy cities and a truce of ten years • He was widely condemned for conducting the Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting.

11. Major Events of Crusades • VII Crusade 1248-1254 • Led by Louis IX of France • Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade • VIII Crusade 1270 • Led by Louis IX of France • Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died. • The last Crusader cities on the mainland of Palestine fell in 1291 • One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.

12. Where else in military history can we find a war that was won four times and still lost?

13. Crusades died out • Lack of interest, rising European prosperity • Repeated military defeats • Discredited by "crusades" against Christians (e.g., Albigensians)

14. Effects of Crusades • Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire • Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans. • Stimulated Mediterranean trade. • Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques. • Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms • Romantic and imaginative literature.

15. Effects of Crusades • Knowledge introduced to Europe • Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and stone churches. • Siege technology, tunneling, sapping. • Moslem minarets adopted as church spires • Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes • Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little to give in return.