The Reconstruction Era

1. The Reconstruction Era Ruins seen from the capitol, Columbia, S.C., 1865. Photographed by George N. Barnard. 165-SC-53. http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-113.jpg

2. After the War • South lay in ruins (destroyed) • Nearly 4 million freedman (freed slaves) needed food, clothing, & jobs • President Lincoln planned for Reconstruction, the rebuilding of the South Ruins seen from the Circular Church, Charleston, S.C., 1865. 111-B-4667. http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-112.jpg

3. Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan • Reunite Union quickly • Southern state could form a new government after 10 % of its voters swore loyalty to U.S. • States also had to abolish slavery • Many in Congress didn’t like Lincoln’s plan & wanted a stricter form of Reconstruction • * Too lenient* soft/easy http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-188.jpg

4. Acts of Congress • Freedman’s Bureau was created by Congress • It gave food, clothing, & other kinds of help to the freedman. • Thirteenth Amendment • Passed by Congress in January, 1865 • Ended slavery throughout the U.S.

5. Glimpses at the Freedmen - The Freedmen's Union Industrial School, Richmond, Va. / from a sketch by Jas E. Taylor (1866). • Room of African American women sewing. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/aaodyssey:@field(NUMBER+@band(cph+3a33775))

6. Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865 • Andrew Johnson became President John Wilkes Booth http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-198.jpg http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-202.jpg

7. Reconstruction Plan of Andrew Johnson • In each southern states, a majority of voters must swear loyalty to the U.S. • Each state must approve the 13th Amendment • Then each state could rejoin the Union Andrew Johnson, Vice President & President http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-187.jpg

8. Response to Johnson’s Plan • Southern States met Johnson’s demands • Republicans in Congress outrages because African Americans were not allowed to vote & former Confederate Leaders were elected to Congress

9. Radical Reconstruction • After the war, most southern states quickly ratified the 13th Amendment (ended slavery) • Then passed Black Codes, which limited the rights of African Americans. • Radical Republicans in Congress decide to take over Reconstruction • They wanted to break the power of the southern planters and to make sure African Americans had the right to vote. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/sespics/34004.jpg

10. Radical Reconstruction (continued) • 14th Amendment, 1868 – All people born in the U.S. are citizens. No state may take away rights of citizens. • 15th Amendment, 1870 – The right to vote cannot be denied to citizens because of their race or color or because they were once enslaved. • Reconstruction Act – Southern states had to ratify the 14th Amendment, African American men must be allowed to vote,… • Johnson vetoed these acts & Congress overrode his veto; Congress eventually tried to impeach him • Troops sent to the South to ensure African Americans had the right to vote.

11. Changes in the South • Southern Republicans (scalawags), whites from the North (carpetbaggers), & freed African Americans played important roles in southern governments. • Ku Klux Klan (KKK) -- formed by white southerners to help them regain power & to keep African Americans and White Republicans out of office. • Landless black and white sharecroppers became locked in a cycle of poverty. • Sharecroppers: person who farms land owned by another in exchange for a share of the crops Link to Pictures:http://www.grant.k12.ca.us/schools/rljr/students/resistance_to_reconstructi.htm

12. Reconstruction Ends • Reconstruction ended after presidential candidate Rutherford B. Hayes made a private deal with southern politicians. • After Reconstruction, a new industrial economy began to emerge in the South. • Southern whites passes new laws to deny African Americans equal rights. • Poll Taxes, Literacy Tests, & Grandfather Clauses • Segregation, Jim Crow Laws, Lynching • Civil Rights Movement (100 years later)

13. Civil War Pictures from the National Archives http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/ • Many Reconstruction http://cla.calpoly.edu/~lcall/204/outline.weekfour.html