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The Reformation: Causes, Key Figures, and Lasting Impact on Christianity**

The Reformation was a significant movement in 16th-century Europe aimed at reforming the Catholic Church. Key factors included growing secularism, dissatisfaction with corrupt church practices, and the rise of influential merchants. Martin Luther's objections to church indulgences and his 95 Theses ignited widespread religious reform. The conflict led to the establishment of various Protestant denominations. Key events include the Edict of Worms, the English Reformation under Henry VIII, and the tensions that culminated in the Thirty Years' War. The Reformation reshaped the religious landscape in Europe and decreased the Church's authority.

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The Reformation: Causes, Key Figures, and Lasting Impact on Christianity**

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Presentation Transcript

  1. THE REFORMATION (TO CHANGE OR REORGANIZE)

  2. CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION • Forces that weakened the Catholic Church: • New emphasis on secular (worldly) & individuals vs. religion (Middle Ages) • Merchants want to be leaders, not Church clergy/popes • Merchants did not want to pay TITHES (taxes) to Church • Printing press spreading ideas faster! • Church clergy corrupt & poorly educated!

  3. MARTIN LUTHER • Monk from Wittenberg, GER. • Took stand against church’s INDULGENCES: pardon that bought your way into heaven • Posted 95 THESES on Church door attacking this idea & “pardon merchants”, Oct. 31st, 1517 • Began the Reformation movement for religious reform

  4. M. LUTHER’S THREE MAIN IDEAS • 1. Can only win salvation by faith alone in God • 2. Bible is ultimate authority & all teachings should be based on it • 3. All people with faith are equal before God

  5. WHAT HAPPENED TO M. LUTHER? • Pope was unhappy! • Threatened Luther with EXCOMMUNICATION (kick out) unless he RECANT (take back) his statements • Luther threw decree in a bonfire & Pope excommunicated Luther  Edict of Worms (outlaw & heretic) • Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V) was ANGRY & sent him to Town of Worms for trial

  6. WILL LUTHER RETURN? • A prince sheltered Luther for 2 years • Luther translated New Testament into German • Luther returns! • Found priests now dressing in regular clothes & called ministers • Now leading church service in German, not Latin! • New religious sect: LUTHERANS

  7. REVOLT AGAINST LUTHER • 1524 German peasants like Luther’s ideas  demand end to serfdom (slavery) & started a revolt • Luther mad! Told German princes to crush revolt successful • Peasants felt betrayed & rejected Luther

  8. GERMANY AT WAR, Part I • Most northern German princes supported Lutheranism  went against Pope • Signed a protest against the Church • Protesting Princes  PROTESTANT • term applied to Christians belonging to non-Catholic Churches

  9. GERMANY AT WAR, PART II • Holy Roman Emperor CHARLES V (Hapsburg family) went to war against Protestant Princes & defeated them • But couldn’t make them come back to the Catholic Church • Tired of fighting  signed PEACE OF AUGSBURG (1555) • Religion of each German state be decided by its ruler (own Pope)

  10. ENGLAND BECOMES PROTESTANT • TUDOR FAMILY: King Henry VIII wants a son, but wife too old! • Divorce not allowed (Pope’s rule) • Henry calls Parliament (government) to pass laws that end Pope’s power in England  REFORMATION PARLIAMENT • Henry marries Anne Boleyn

  11. NO MORE POPE IN ENGLAND • ACT OF SUPREMACY: Made English King—not the pope—the head of England’s Church

  12. HENRY VIII’s CHILDREN • Henry’s 3 kids: Mary, Elizabeth, & Edward • Edward ruled for 6 years, then died • Mary took over & was Catholic, so turned Church back over to the pope! • Mary pushed out, and Elizabeth restores Protestantism • She becomes head of the Church of England, or ANGLICAN CHURCH

  13. SPANISH ARMADA • Mary’s husband, King Philip II of Spain (Catholic), was angry & planned attack on England • Sent 130 ships, 8,000 sailors, & 19,000 soldiers • England defeated the Spanish (under Elizabeth’s rule)

  14. REFORMATION SPREADS • Word spreads to France to JOHN CALVIN • Writes book that says all humans are sinful & CAN’T EARN salvation  only a few are already CHOSEN • PREDESTINATION = God has already chosen those to save (predetermined) • New religion, CALVINISM (Protestant sect); based out of Geneva, Switz.  STRICT!

  15. PROTESTANTS VS. CATHOLICS • Princes in North Germany converting to Protestantism (no more Pope) • Hapsburg Family & Holy Roman Empire in South Germany still support Roman Catholic Church • Begins war  Charles V defeats Protestant Princes, but can’t get them to convert back • In France, Catholics vs. Huguenots (Fr. Protestants) went to war frequently

  16. STILL FIGHTING DON’T WRITE THIS DOWN , you already have this information! • PEACE OF AUGSBURG= says each state’s ruler free to choose religion • Peace short-lived  Small states around Holy Roman Empire converting to Protestantism; tensions high • Leads to THIRTY YEARS’ WAR

  17. CATHOLIC REFORMATION • Movement to help keep Catholics stay loyal • COUNTER-REFORMATION: Catholic church has lost so many people • Ignatius of Loyola creates Society of Jesus (JESUITS) to spread Catholic word again & stop Protestantism • Sent out INDEX OF FORBIDDEN BOOKS

  18. LEGACY OF THE REFORMATION • 1. Protestant churches flourish • 2. Religion no longer unites Europe • 3. Individual monarchs & states gain power (church declines) • 4. Helped set stage for modern world

  19. COUNCIL OF TRENT • Catholic bishops agreed on these doctrines: • 1. Church’s interpretation of Bible was final • 2. Christians need BOTH faith and good works for salvation (opposite of Luther) • 3. Bible and Church are equal authorities • 4. Indulgences are valid expressions of faith (but false selling was banned)

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