Blood, Lymph and Immune Systems

1. Blood, Lymph and Immune Systems

2. Blood • hem/o andhemat/o • plasma - 55% • formed elements - 45% • serum - plasma without clotting proteins

3. Blood Cells RBC - erythrocytes - erythropoiesis WBC - leukocytes - leukopoiesis Platelets - thrombocytes - thrombopoiesis

4. Erythrocytes • erythr/o - red • cyte - cell • Hemoglobin - blood protein transports oxygen • Reticulocyte - immature erythrocyte • RBCs produced by red bone marrow

5. Leukocytes • leuk/o - white • Protect the body against invasion • Pass through capillary walls

6. Granulocytes • neutrophils (phagocytosis) • eosinophils (allergies) • basophils (promote inflammation) • Agranulocytes • lymphocytes (production of circulating antibodies) • monocytes (macrophages) • Collection of dead and living bacteria and leukocytes called pus, abscess.

7. Thrombocytes • smallest formed element • made in bone marrow • essential to blood coagulation • In case of injury, blood comes in contact with any tissue other than the lining of the vessels, platelets stick together, form plug, seals wound. Chemicals released, series of reactions, formation of clot.

8. Plasma • plasma • 92% water • 8% plasma proteins • albumin • globulin • fibrinogen • serum - plasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogen

9. Functions of the Immune System • To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substances • pathogenic microorganisms • allergens • toxins • malignant cells

10. Structures of the Immune System Unlike other body systems, Immune System is NOT contained within a single set of organs or vessels Action depends on structures from lymphatic, cardiovascular, and Integumentary systems Works primarily through antigen-antibody reaction

11. Lymphatic System • Major structures • lymph vessels • lymph nodes • lymph fluid • tonsils • Also • spleen • thymus

12. Functions of the Lymph System • lymph/o • drain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it to the blood • transport materials (nutrients, hormones and oxygen) to body cells • carry away waste products to the blood • transport lipids away from digestive system • control of infection

13. Lymph System • Lymph originates in blood plasma • Interstitial fluid • cleans and nourishes body tissues • collects cellular debris, bacteria • return to blood or lymph capillaries

14. Lymph Nodes • located in lymph vessels • small round or oval structures (filters) • depositories for cellular debris • bacteria and debris phagocytized

15. Lymph Nodes inside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs (lymphocytes) almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100 invading cells destroyed in nodes and often swell as an indicator of the disease process

16. Spleen • sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue • filter for lymph • phagocytic cells • hemolytic

17. Thymus • lymphatic tissue • mediastinum • primary role: changes lymphocytes to T cells for cellular immunity

18. Tonsils masses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid, not lymph located beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to outside and hence to contamination any or all may become so loaded with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominance should not be removed unless absolutely necessary.

19. Antigen-Antibody Reactions Antigen - any substance that the body regards as foreign (virus, bacterium, toxin) Antibody - a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of an antigen Antigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction

21. WBCs for Immune Reactions • monocytes - type of lymphocytes • formed in bone marrow/transported where needed by body • become macrophages • macrophage - phagocytic cell that protects body by ingesting invading cells • lymphocytes - major class of WBCs • formed in lymphatic tissue

22. Lymphocytes • T cells or T Lymphocytes • mature in thymus gland • Cell mediated immunity • B cells or B Lymphocytes • mature in bone marrow • antibody-mediated immunity

23. T Cell or T Lymphocyte(Cell Mediated Immunity) • T Cell (cell mediated immunity) • circulating lymphocytes • produced in bone marrow • matures in thymus • live for years • primary function: coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms

24. Lymphocyte: T Cells helper T cells - essential to proper functioning of immune system. Memory cells- remember antigens and stimulate a faster response if same antigen introduced at a later time

25. Blood Groups • Four blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs • A - A antigen • B - B antigen • AB - both AB antigens • O - no AB antigens

26. Plasma does not contain the antibody against own antigen Antigenson the donor’s RBCs react with the antibodies in patients plasma and cause a transfustion reaction.

27. Rh Factor • Rh factor is antigen present on RBC • Rh positive and Rh negative • Rhneg pregnant woman may develop antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-positive fetus. • hemolytic disease of the newborn • prevented with RhoGAM

28. Immunity Immunity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific disease Acquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT present at birth and obtained during life

29. Factors That Influence Immune System Health Age Heredity

33. Anemias Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced symptom of disease erythropenia hypochromasia hematocrit

34. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to 10 years AIDS name applied during advanced stages of disease After immune system destroyed, opportunistic infections occur.

35. Edema • Hypoproteinemia • lowers osmotic pressure within blood • large amounts of plasma pass out of blood • poor lymph drainage • increased capillary permeability • congestive heart failure • localized edema, ascites

36. Hemophilia Hereditary blood clotting disorder sex-linked, usually in men lack factor VIII, essential for blood clotting hematomas hemarthrosis

37. Infectious Mononucleosis Acute infection caused by virus. Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function, and bruising. transmitted by droplet infection Infection confers permanent immunity Treatment symptomatic

38. Oncology, the study of tumors • Metastasis, Metastasize • Carcinoma • Malignant Melanoma • Adenocarcinoma • Sarcoma (arises from bone, fat, muscle, etc.) • Osteocarcoma • Osteosarcoma • Myosarcoma • Myeloma

39. Leukemia Major oncological disorder of blood-forming organs malignant cells replace health bone marrow cells acute myelogenous leukemia acute lymphocytic leukemia

40. Hodgkin’s Disease Malignant disorder Painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes; splenomegaly Anorexia, weight loss, pruritus, anemia, leukocytosis

41. Allergy • Is ahypersensitive disorderof theimmune system. • Allergic reactions occur to normally harmlessenvironmentalsubstances known asallergens; these reactions areacquired, predictable, and rapid. • Allergy is one of four forms ofhypersensitivity.

42. Allergy It is characterized by excessive activation of certainwhite blood cellscalledmast cellsandbasophilsby a type ofantibodyknown asIgE, resulting in an extremeinflammatoryresponse. Common allergic reactions includeeczema, hives, hay fever, asthmaattacks, food allergies, and reactions to thevenomof stinginginsectssuch aswaspsandbees.

43. Autoimmunity • Is the failure of an organism to recognize its own constituent parts asself, which allows an immune response against its own cells and tissues. • Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed anautoimmune disease. • Prominent examples include • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA

44. Transplant rejection • Transplant rejectionoccurs when atransplantedorgan or tissue is not accepted by the body of the transplant recipient. • This is explained by the concept that theimmune systemof the recipient attacks the transplanted organ or tissue.

45. Transplant rejection • This is expected to happen, because the immune system's purpose is to distinguish foreign material within the body and attempt to destroy it, just as it attempts to destroy infecting organisms such asbacteriaandviruses • When possible, transplant rejection can be reduced throughthe use ofimmunosuppressant drugs

46. Case Study M.R., a 36-year-old certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA), was diagnosed 7 years ago with latex allergy. She first noticed that she developed contact dermatitis when she wore powdered latex gloves. She soon developed tachycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, urticaria, and rhinitis with contact or proximity to latex in surgery. She had one frightening episode of anaphylaxis. Her allergy is of the type I hypersensitivity, IgE T-cell-mediated latex allergy, which was diagnosed by a skin-prick test. M.R. avoids all contact with any natural rubber latex in her home and at work. She can only work in a pediatric OR because they are latex-free, since many children with congenital disorders are latex allergic. She wears a medical alert bracelet, uses a bronchodilator inhaler at the first symptom of bronchospasm, and carries a syringe of epinephrine at all times.