1. CHAPTER 7 THE TRANSFORMATION OF AMERICAN SOCIETY Section 1: The New Immigrants Section 2: The Urban World Section 3: Daily Life in the Cities

2. Section 1: The New Immigrants Objectives: • How did immigration change during the late 1800s? • What challenges did immigrants face as they settled in the United States? • Where did new immigrants find assistance? • Why did nativists oppose new immigration?

3. Section 1: The New Immigrants Changes in immigration • New immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe rather than northwestern Europe. • Old immigrants were Protestant; new ones were usually Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, or Jewish. • Both new and old immigrants came in search of economic opportunity and religious freedom.

4. Section 1: The New Immigrants Challenges faced by immigrants • poor accommodations on ships • physical exams to enter United States • questioning by inspectors • strict immigration laws for the Chinese

5. Section 1: The New Immigrants Assistance for immigrants • ethnic neighborhoods • benevolent societies • businesses • churches, synagogues, and temples

6. Section 1: The New Immigrants Reasons for nativist opposition to immigration • Immigrants had different religions and languages. • Held immigrants responsible for crime, poverty, and violence. • Immigrants sometimes had radical politics. • Believed that immigrants worked cheaply, robbing Americans of jobs and lowering wages.

7. Section 2: The Urban World Objectives: • How did technological innovations alter the urban landscape? • What social values did the new class of wealthy city-dwellers express? • How did life change for middle-class Americans during the late 1800s? • What was urban life like for the poorest city-dwellers? • How did social reformers use settlement houses and churches to improve the lives of the poor?

8. Section 2: The Urban World Technological innovations • Steel frames and elevators allowed taller buildings to be constructed. • Mass transit enabled cities to expand outward.

9. Section 2: The Urban World Social values of the wealthy • conspicuous consumption, including extravagant homes and entertainment • ostentatious philanthropy • use of British Victorian culture as pattern for role of women • obsession with etiquette

10. Section 2: The Urban World Changes in middle-class life • New industries created a demand for educated workers in specialized fields. • Professional schools and organizations were established. • Women received more opportunities to work outside the home. • Sewing machines and servants lightened women’s domestic chores. • Women were able to participate more in cultural and social activities. • The middle class expanded.

11. Section 2: The Urban World Urban life for the poor • housing shortages • high rents • crowded tenements • raw sewage, garbage, and pollution from factories • easy spread of disease • discrimination against African Americans

12. Section 2: The Urban World Settlement houses and churches • offered educational and cultural opportunities for both adults and children • committed to improved living conditions of the poor

13. Section 3: Daily Life in the Cities Objectives: • How did public education and colleges change in the late 1800s? • How did publishers appeal to readers? • How did outdoor activities and sports provide a source of leisure for Americans? • What new forms of popular theater and music developed in the late 1800s?

14. Section 3: Daily Life in the Cities Changes in public education and colleges • passage of compulsory education laws • new methods of teaching • expanded curriculum • more colleges

15. Section 3: Daily Life in the Cities Appealing to readers • printing of sensational news stories (“yellow journalism”) • illustrations and photographs • comic strips, advice columns, women’s sections and sports sections added to newspapers • increase in type and number of books published

16. Section 3: Daily Life in the Cities Outdoor activities and sports • trips to city parks • bicycling • croquet • baseball • football

17. Section 3: Daily Life in the Cities Popular theater and music • many types of theater, from Shakespeare to vaudeville • ragtime music • dances that threw off Victorian restraint