Revolution and Nationalism in Russia (1900-1939)

1. Revolution + Nationalism Ch 30 1900-1939

2. Rule of the Czars Russia was an autocracy (a gov.’t in which the ruler has unlimited power + uses it in an arbitrary manner) Anyone who questioned the czar’s authority, spoke a language other than Russian, or didn’t practice the Russian Orthodox Christian faith was considered dangerous Jews were especially persecuted When Czar Nicholas II came into power, Russia was modernizing, but it was still behind Western Europe He rapidly industrialized Russia Led to bad living + working conditions which angered many Russians Russia U.S.S.R.

3. of the Bolsheviks A group that followed the views of Karl Marx formed They believed industrial workers (proletariat) would overthrow the czar The radical Bolsheviks were willing to sacrifice everything to make that change Led by Vladimir Lenin “Comrade Lenin Cleanses the Earth of Filth”, a Communist poster from 1920.     

4. Crises Cause the Czar to Lose Support 1. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) Loses angered Russians 2. Bloody Sunday (Jan. 22, 1905) 200,000 workers + their families marched to the czar’s palace w/ a petition asking for better working conditions, more personal freedoms, + an elected national legislature Czar’s generals ordered soldiers to fire on the crowd + hundreds died Provoked violence + so Czar Nicholas II granted more personal freedom + created the Duma (Russian parliament) - which he would later dissolve

5. 3. WWI – Russians suffered numerous defeats + casualties 4. Rasputin, a corrupt “holy man” was able to treat Prince Alexis (heir to the Russian throne) for his hemophilia. B/c of that, while the czar was fighting in WWI, the czarina let Rasputin make important political decisions He was despised by Russians + murdered

6. The March Revolution 200,000 workers go out into the streets + protest the gov.’t Soldiers will side w/ them Led to revolution + the abdication of Czar Nicholas II (last czar of Russia) A provisional gov.’t (temporary gov.’t) was established. It was weak + kept Russia in WWI

7. The Bolshevik Revolution (1918-1920) Lenin returned to Russia + led the Bolsheviks. They toppled the provisional gov.’t + took over Signed truce w/ Germany + surrendered a lot of land Russians angry + civil war breaks out The Red Army (Lenin’s Bolsheviks) fought against the White Army (Some supported a czarist gov.’t, some wanted democracy, + some were socialists who didn’t like Lenin) 14 mil Russians die from war + famine Red Army won

8. Formation of the U.S.S.R. Lenin revived economy by establishing a socialist economy (system in which the gov.’t controls major industries) Lenin ordered the deaths of the czar + his family Lenin reorganized gov.’ts w/in the country + renames Russia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet Union) Bolsheviks rename themselves the Communist Party End Section 1

9. 30.2

10. Totalitarianism A gov.’t that takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public + private life Totalitarian leaders appear to provide a sense of security + give direction for the future Challenges the highest values of Western democracies (reason, freedom, human dignity, + worth of individuals) Joseph Stalin takes power of USSR after Lenin + establishes a totalitarian state…

11. Characteristics of a totalitarian gov.’t include: Police Terror – crush opposition, spy + intimidate, often use brutal methods Indoctrination – instruction in the gov.’t’s beliefs (control education to glorify the leader, his policies, + establish loyalty) Propaganda + Censorship – gov.’t controls media + only shows info that reflects positively on the gov.’t (much of it is lies) Religious or Ethnic Persecution – often create “enemies of the state” (someone to blame for any of the gov.’t’s failures), usually a member of a minority group who are often subjected to campaigns of terror

12. Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State His secret police monitored phone lines, read mail, + planted informers everywhere In 1934, he launched the Great Purge, a campaign of terror to eliminate anyone who threatened his power (real or imagined) “enemies” were found guilty of “crimes against the state” + sent to labor camps or executed Controlled all sources of media + the arts – had to glorify Stalin + the USSR Controlled education from nursery schools to college Tried to achieve a atheist state by persecuting different faiths (many still clung to their religious beliefs though)

13. Stalin Controls the Economy Proclaimed that USSR was far behind western powers in development + tried to close the gap quickly Established a command economy (system where the gov.’t makes all economic decisions) Sought to speed up industrialization w/ the 1st5-year plan (plan for the development of the USSR). It set impossibly high goals for production for items like steel, coal, oil, etc… Led to shortages of consumer goods, + although most goals weren’t met, many gains were made. Launched a 2nd 5-year plan w/ similar results Also sought to control agricultural production Seized private farms + combined them into large, gov.’t owned farms called collective farms. The crops were given to the state to redistribute

14. Effects on Society + Effects: People became better educated + mastered new technical skills Women were treated more equally Many held important jobs (but typically not the best jobs) - Effects: Personal freedoms limited, shortage of consumer goods, dissent prohibited Women, in addition to holding a full time job, were still responsible for all housework + childcare End Section 2

15. 30.3

16. After the Fall of the Emperor China had suffered years of humiliation by foreigners + experiences a in nationalism China’s last emperor is overthrown by nationalist gov.’t in 1911 The Kuomintang (Nationalist Party of China – also known as Guomindang) come into power + establish a republic Supported modernization + nationalism The president isn’t strong enough to secure national unity + turns the gov.’t over to a general – chaos ensues He dies + civil war breaks out China supports Allies in WWI, but is angry when Treaty of Versailles gives lands it wanted to Japan Start to turn away from democracy in favor of communism China

17. of 2 Chinese Gov.’ts The Chinese Communist Party was organized in 1921, one of the founding members was Mao Zedong He wanted a communist revolution to begin in the country w/ the peasants as the revolutionaries A new leader in the Kuomintang, Chiang Kai-Shek (or Jiang Jieshi) promised democracy, but his gov.’t became increasingly corrupt + most peasants turn towards Mao’s communists (1927) Chiang’s Nationalist troops go into Chinese cities + killed many Communist leaders nearly wiping out the Communist Party in China (1928) Chiang became president of China – surviving Communists enraged

18. Civil War By 1930, civil war had broken out Mao + the Communists base themselves in the countryside + recruit peasants Frequently attacked by Chiang’s Nationalists, but never defeated 1933, Chiang + an army of 700,000 surrounded the Communists’ base. 100,000 communists fled + made a 6,000 mi journey called The Long March.

19. Japanese Invade China While the Communists + Nationalists are fighting, the Japanese invade Manchuria (NE China) in 1931 – this is the beginning of WWII in Asia In 1937, Japan launches an all-out invasion of China (known as the 2nd Sino-Japanese War) + would eventually control a large part of China This would lead to a temporary truce b/w the Communists + the Nationalists as they united to fight the Japanese End Section 3

20. 30.4

21. India Nationalism had been growing since mid 1800s. Many Indians went to British schools + learned European views on nationalism + democracy. They took those ideas home w/ them. 2 groups had formed to promote Indian indep.: Indian National Congress (or Congress Party) – Mostly Hindus The Muslim League During WWI, millions of Indians served in the British Army w/ Britain’s promise of reforms leading to Indian indep. afterwards Britain didn’t keep its promise + Indian radicals commit acts of violence Britain passed the Rowlatt Acts (1919) which allowed the gov.’t to jail protestors w/o trial up to 2 yrs India + SW Asia

23. Amritsar Massacre To protest the Rowlatt Acts, 10,000 Hindu + Muslim Indians gathered at Amritsar + held a festival (non-violent, intended to pray, fast, + listen to political speeches) Most didn’t know public meetings were banned British commander thought they were openly defying the ban British ordered to fire on the crowd w/o warning for 10 min. 400 Indians died + 1,200 wounded Immediately after, millions of Indians begin to support the Nationalist movement British officers responsible weren’t punished

24. Gandhi Mohandas Gandhi became the leader of India’s indep. movement Became known as “Mahatma” (Great Soul) He urged a policy of noncooperation w/ British gov.’t (1920) Congress Party endorsed nonviolence + civil disobedience (deliberate + public refusal to obey an unjust law) to achieve indep. He called on Indians to refuse to attend gov.’t schools, not to pay British taxes, + boycott British goods esp. cloth which was very important to the British. He encouraged Indians to make their own cloth.

25. (1930) He organized The Salt March in which he + his followers walked 240mi to the sea to make their own salt by collecting seawater + letting the water evaporate rather than buying salt + paying the British salt tax They then marched to a saltworks where the British processed salt, intending to shut it down but were brutally attacked by police Gandhi + 60,000 others were arrested (1935) Britain passed the Gov.’t of Indian Act which allowed local self-gov.t’ but not total indep.

26. Turkey Formerly Ottoman Empire, lost territory after WWI 1919, Greeks invade Turkey but were defeated by Turkish Nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal. He then overthrew the sultan + became 1st president of the Republic of Turkey-1st republic in SW Asia To modernize Turkey he: Separated laws of Islam from laws of state Abolished religious courts + created a legal system based on European law Gave women right to vote + hold public office Gov.’t funded industrialization He also required Turks to dress in a more western manner + changed the alphabet from Arabic to Latin Kemal given the name Ataturk (Father of the Turks)

27. Iran Persia had been divided into British + Russian spheres of influence Britain tried to take over all of Persia during the Russian Revolution Triggered a Persian nationalist revolt Persian army officer Reza Pahlavi seized power To modernize his country he: 1. Established public schools 2. Built roads + RRs 3. Promoted industrialization 4. Extended women’s rights - But he kept all the power He changed Persia’s name to Iran

28. Saudi Arabia In 1902, Abd Al-Aziz Ibn Saud unified Arabia + renamed it the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia after his family Carried on Islamic traditions Modernization was limited to religiously acceptable areas No efforts to practice democracy were made End Section 4