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Chapter 17

Chapter 17. The Foundations of Christian Society in Western Europe. The Germanic Successor States, c. 500 CE. Last Roman emperor deposed by Germanic Odoacer, 476 CE Administrative apparatus still in place, but cities lose population Germanic successor states: Spain: Visigoths

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Chapter 17

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  1. Chapter 17 The Foundations of Christian Society in Western Europe

  2. The Germanic Successor States, c. 500 CE • Last Roman emperor deposed by Germanic Odoacer, 476 CE • Administrative apparatus still in place, but cities lose population • Germanic successor states: • Spain: Visigoths • Italy: Ostrogoths • Gaul: Burgundians, Franks • Britian: Angles, Saxons

  3. Successor States to the Roman Empire c. 500

  4. The Franks • Heavy influence on European development • Strong agricultural base • Shifts center of economic gravity to Europe • Firm alliance with western Christian church

  5. Clovis (ruled 481-511) • Major Frankish leader • Destroyed last vestiges of Roman rule in Gaul • Dominated other Germanic peoples • Franks establish themselves as preeminent Germanic people

  6. Clovis’ Conversion to Christianity • Paganism, Arian Christianity popular among Franks • Clovis and army chooses Roman Catholicism • Influence of wife Clotilda • Political implications: • Alliance with western church

  7. The Carolingians • Charles “The Hammer” Martel begins Carolingian dynasty • Defeats Spanish Muslims at Battle of Tours (732) • Halts Islamic advance into western Europe

  8. The Pope to Charles Martel • In our great affliction we have thought it necessary to write to you a second time, believing that you are a loving son of St. Peter, the prince of apostles, and of ourselves, and that out of reverence for him you would obey our commands to defend the church of God and his chosen people..…. • We can now no longer endure the persecution of the Lombards, ………for they have taken from St. Peter all his possessions, even those which were given him by you and your fathers. • Modern History Soucebook

  9. The Pope to Charles Martel • You, oh son, will receive favor from the same prince of apostles here and in the future life in the presence of God, according as you render speedy aid to his church and to us, that all peoples may recognize the faith and love and singleness of purpose which you display in defending St. Peter and us and his chosen people. For by doing this you will attain lasting fame on earth and eternal life in heaven. • Modern History Soucebook

  10. The Carolingian Empire

  11. Charlemagne (r. 768-814) • Grandson of Charles Martel • Centralized imperial rule • Functional illiterate, but sponsored extensive scholarship • Scholars from Europe and Middle East • Carolingian Miniscule • Major military achievements

  12. Charlemagne’s Administration • Capital at Aachen, Germany • Yet constant travel throughout empire • Divided Empire into Counties • Imperial officials: missi dominici (“envoys of the lord ruler) • Continued yearly circuit travel

  13. Charlemagne as Emperor • Hesitated to challenge Byzantines by taking title “emperor” • Yet ruled in fact • Pope Leo III crowns him as emperor in 800 • Planned in advance? • Challenge to Byzantium

  14. Louis the Pious (r. 814-840) • Son of Charlemagne • Lost control of courts, local authorities • Civil war erupts between three sons • Empire divided in 843 • Treaty of Verdun • Remains divided until Napoleon

  15. Invasions • South: Muslims • East: Magyars • North: Vikings • Norse expansion begins c. 800 CE • Driven by population pressure, hostility to spread of Christianity • Superior seafaring technology • Sailed to eastern Canada, northeastern US

  16. Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire

  17. The Vikings • From village of Vik, Norway (hence “Viking”) • Boats with shallow drafts, capable of river travel as well as open seas • Attacked villages, cities from 9th century • Constantinople sacked three times • Carolingians had no navy, dependent on local defenses

  18. England • Viking invasions force consolidation of Angles, Saxons and other Germanic peoples under King Alfred (r. 871-899) • Built navy • Fortified cities against attack

  19. Germany and France • King Otto of Saxony (r. 936-973) defeats Magyars, 955 • Proclaimed emperor by Pope in 962 • Establishment of Holy Roman Empire • France endures heavy Viking settlement • Loss of local autonomy

  20. Early Medieval Society • Concept of Feudalism • Lords and vassals • Increasingly inadequate model for describing complex society • Ad hoc arrangements in absence of strong central authorities

  21. Organizing in a Decentralized Society • Local nobles take over administration from weak central government • Nominal allegiances, esp. to Carolingian kings • But increasing independence

  22. Lords and Retainers • Formation of small private armies • Incentives: land grants, income from mills, cash payments • Formation of hereditary class of military retainers • Development of other functions • Justice, social welfare

  23. Potential for Instability • Complex interrelationship of lord-retainer relations • Rebellion always a possibility • Nevertheless, viable large states developed (Germany, France, England)

  24. Origins of Serfdom • Slaves, free peasants in both Roman and Germanic societies • Heavy intermarriage • Appeals to lords, special relationships • Mid-7th century: recognition of serf class • Midway between slave and free peasant

  25. Serfs’ Rights and Obligations • Right to pass on land to heirs • Obligation to provide labor, payments in kind to lord • Unable to move from land • Fees charged for marrying serfs of another lord

  26. Manors • Large, diverse estates • Lord provides governance, police, justice services • Serfs provide labor, income

  27. The Economy of Early Medieval Europe • Agricultural center moves north from Mediterranean • 8th century iron-tipped plow introduced in Europe • Draft animals bred • Water mill technology • Agricultural output insufficient to support growth of cities • Strong Mediterranean trade despite Muslim domination of sea

  28. Norse Merchant Mariners • Commerce or plunder as convenient • Link with the Islamic world for trade

  29. Population Growth of Europe, 200-1000 CE

  30. The Formation of Christian Europe • Clovis’ conversion forms strong alliance with Roman Christianity • Church supplies Clovis with class of literate information workers: • Scribes • secretaries

  31. The Franks and the Church • Protectors of the Papacy • Charlemagne destroys Lombards, who threatened Pope, Rome • Spreads Christianity in northern areas • Support of scholarship, scribal activity

  32. The Spread of Christianity • Charlemagne fights pagan Saxons (772-804) • Saxons later adopt Christianity • Scandinavia, other pockets of paganism until c. 1000 CE

  33. Pope Gregory I (590-604 CE) • “Gregory the Great” • Christendom • Pastoral Care and Dialogues • Asserted papal primacy • Prominent theologian • Sacrament of penance • Major missionary activity, especially in England

  34. Monasticism • Egyptian origins, 2nd-3rd centuries • Monastic lifestyle expands 4th century • Large variety of monastic rules • Range from extremely ascetic to very lax

  35. St. Benedict (480-547) • Established consistent rule for monasteries • Poverty • Chastity • Obedience • St. Scholastica (482-543) • Sister of St. Benedict • Adapts Benedictine Rule for convents

  36. Monasticism and Society • Accumulation of large landholdings, serfs • Social welfare projects • Esp. labor contributions • Expansion of literacy • Inns, orphanages, hospitals

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