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Digestive System Diseases and Disorders Overview

Learn about common digestive system diseases and disorders, diagnostic tests, and treatments for conditions affecting the mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. Understand the anatomy and functions related to gastrointestinal health.

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Digestive System Diseases and Disorders Overview

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  1. Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders

  2. Anatomy and Physiology • Two main purposes: • Change foods into simpler substances • Eliminate waste products • Alimentary canal • Continuous tube running from mouth to anus

  3. Anatomy and Physiology • Accessory organs: • Tongue • Teeth • Salivary glands • Gallbladder • Pancreas • Liver

  4. Animation Click Here to Play Digestion Animation

  5. Common Signs and Symptoms • Related to hemorrhage, perforation, and altered motility • Terms identifying bleeding: • Hematemesis • Hematochezia • Melena

  6. Common Signs and Symptoms • Perforation in stomach or intestines causes peritonitis and septicemia • Alteration in motility include diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, or constipation

  7. Diagnostic Tests • X-ray • Endoscopic exam • Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) • GI series • Barium swallow and enema • Occult blood • Ova and parasites

  8. EGD

  9. Diseases of the Mouth • Dental caries • Disease of teeth due to bacteria on tooth surface • Plaque • Periodontal disease • Affects supporting structures of teeth/gums • Main cause of tooth loss in adults

  10. Diseases of the Mouth • Periodontal disease • Causes: • Poor oral hygiene • Inadequate diet leading to gingivitis • Inflammation of gums • Prevention: • Brushing and flossing • Regular dental care • Adequate diet

  11. Diseases of the Mouth • Mouth cancer • Squamous cell carcinoma of lip • Common oral cancer • Usually on lower lip from exposure to sunlight, chewing tobacco, or pipe/cigar smoking • Treatment: • Radiation • Surgical excision

  12. Cancer of the Lip Photo courtesy Mark L. Kuss

  13. Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus • Pharyngitis • Also known as sore throat • Viral or bacterial • Diagnosis by throat culture • If caused by strep, treated with antibiotics

  14. Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus • Reflux esophagitis • Inflammation of tissue at end of esophagus • Caused by backflow of stomach acids through cardiac sphincter upward into esophagus

  15. Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus • Reflux esophagitis • Symptoms: • Heartburn • Burning sensation in mid-chest or epigastric area • Long-term reflux can lead to bleeding, ulceration, and scarring of esophagus

  16. Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus • Reflux esophagitis • Treatment: • Reduce reflux • Avoid large meals • Avoid spicy foods, caffeine, and tight clothing • Take stool softeners

  17. Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus • Reflux esophagitis • Treatment: • Take laxatives • Take antacids or other drugs that tighten gastroesophageal sphincter • Sleep with head of bed elevated

  18. Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus • Hiatal hernia • Part of stomach sliding into chest cavity • Increases with age and weakness of cardiac sphincter • May be asymptomatic • But can be related to reflux

  19. Hiatal Hernia

  20. Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus • Esophageal varices • Enlarged, tortuous veins of esophagus • Usually related to liver cirrhosis • Causes: • Excessive alcohol consumption • Hemorrhage • Life-threatening

  21. Diseases of the Stomach • Gastritis • Inflammation of stomach • Symptoms: • Epigastric pain • Bloating • Nausea

  22. Diseases of the Stomach • Gastritis • Causes: • Irritating agents • E.g., aspirin, alcohol, coffee, tobacco, bacterial-laden foods • Helicobacter gastritis caused by small bacteria in stomach lining

  23. Diseases of the Stomach • Gastritis • Diagnosis of helicobacter gastritis by biopsy • Treatment: • Pepto-Bismol • Flagyl • Amoxicillin

  24. Diseases of the Stomach • Peptic ulcer • Found in stomach and duodenum • Caused in part by action of pepsin • Also known as gastric ulcers

  25. Diseases of the Stomach • Peptic ulcer • Treatment: • Reduction of contributory factors • Antacids • Surgery in severe cases

  26. Diseases of the Stomach • Stomach cancer • Affects more males than females • Often goes undiagnosed until metastasizes • Symptoms: • Loss of appetite • General stomach distress • Heartburn

  27. Diseases of the Stomach • Stomach cancer • Treatment: • Surgical resection • Chemotherapy • Radiation • Prognosis good if discovered early

  28. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Malabsorption syndrome • Small intestine unable to absorb nutrients • Difficulty absorbing fats and minerals • Treatment: • Diet therapy • Complication: • Bleeding due to lack of vitamin K absorption

  29. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Regional enteritis • Also known as Crohn’s disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) • Chronic inflammatory disease most commonly affecting small intestine • Characterized by exacerbation and remission

  30. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Regional enteritis • Symptoms: • Anorexia • Flatulence • Abdominal pain • Diarrhea and constipation • Supportive treatment: • Low-residue diet • Medications to control diarrhea, inflammation, infection, and depression

  31. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Gastroenteritis • Inflammation of stomach and intestines • Causes: • Bacteria • Viruses • Parasitic invasion

  32. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Gastroenteritis • Symptoms: • Nausea • Vomiting • Abdominal cramping • Diarrhea • Stomach rumbling • Malaise

  33. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Gastroenteritis • Treatment: • Anti-nausea and anti-diarrheal medications • Antibiotics • Fluids • Nutritional support

  34. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Gastroenteritis • Prevention: • Hand washing prior to food preparation • Proper refrigeration • Avoidance of contaminated food and/or water

  35. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Inguinal hernia • Outpouching of small intestine and peritoneum into groin area • More common in males

  36. Diseases of the Small Intestine • Inguinal hernia • Strangulated hernia if portions of herniated intestine become caught and twisted, cutting off blood supply to organ • Treatment: • Surgical repair

  37. Diseases of the Colon • Appendicitis • Inflammation of appendix • Symptoms: • Abdominal pain that shifts to right lower quadrant (RLQ) • Nausea and vomiting • Fever • Leukocytosis

  38. Diseases of the Colon • Appendicitis • Treatment: • Surgical excision • Hopefully before rupture

  39. Diseases of the Colon • Intestinal obstruction • Inability to move contents through intestine • Blockage in intestine, disease, or ileus • May occur from tumors, hernias, volvulus, adhesions, intussusception, or paralytic obstruction

  40. Volvulus and Intussusception

  41. Diseases of the Colon • Intestinal obstruction • Symptoms: • Mild to severe abdominal pain and distention • Nausea and vomiting • Treatment: • Nasogastric suctioning • Surgery

  42. Diseases of the Colon • Ulcerative colitis • Chronic inflammation of colon • Symptoms: • Lower abdominal pain • Blood in stools • Anemia • Diarrhea

  43. Diseases of the Colon • Ulcerative colitis • Treatment: • Dietary limitations • Stress reduction • Mild sedatives • Anti-inflammatories • Surgery if other treatments unsuccessful

  44. Diseases of the Colon • Irritable bowel syndrome • Also known as spastic colon • Most common intestinal disorder • Inflammation of bowel with chronic lesions • Symptoms: • Abdominal pain • Altered motility • Diarrhea or constipation

  45. Diseases of the Colon • Irritable bowel syndrome • Causes: • Spicy foods and seasonings • Caffeine • Alcohol • Stress • Treatment: • Avoidance of causative factors

  46. Diseases of the Colon • Dysentery • Acute inflammation of colon • Main symptom: • Massive diarrhea with blood, pus, and mucous accompanied by severe abdominal pain • Treatment dependent on cause • But antibiotics may be used to treat bacterial infection

  47. Diseases of the Colon • Diverticulosis/diverticulitis • Diverticulosis • Condition of diverticula or little outpouches • Diverticulitis • Outpouches become packed with fecal material and become irritated and inflamed

  48. Diverticulosis/Diverticulitis

  49. Diseases of the Colon • Diverticulosis/diverticulitis • Symptoms: • Lower abdominal pain • Cramping • Treatment: • Antibiotics • Dietary modification

  50. Diseases of the Colon • Colon polyps • Inward projection of mucosal lining of colon • Diagnosis by colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy • Suspicious polyps excisionally biopsied

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