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Adaptive immunity

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This article explores the complex mechanisms of adaptive immunity, detailing how the immune system recognizes various antigens and learns from previous exposures. It discusses the crucial roles of B cells in antibody production, activation, and clonal selection, including responses to immunization. The article further examines the impacts of factors like irradiation on the immune response and the restoration of immune function. The structure of antibodies, including heavy and light chain gene segments and their variability, is also covered, along with the importance of memory cells in immune memory.

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Adaptive immunity

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Adaptive immunity How can the immune system recognize so many different (previously unseen) insults? How does the immune system learn? How do B cells produce antibodies?

  2. Antibody production after immunization

  3. Irradiation prevents immune response

  4. Which cells can restore the immune response?

  5. Origins of lymphocytes

  6. B cells TC (Cytotoxic T cells) TH (Helper T cells) Also function in immune system

  7. Origins of lymphocytes

  8. Origins of lymphocytes

  9. Antibody protein structure

  10. B cell activation Each naïve B cell makes a single type of antibody with a unique binding specificity Upon activation the naïve B cell proliferates and produces progeny that secrete that antibody

  11. Antibody production after immunization

  12. Clonal selection

  13. Primary response Secondary response

  14. Antibody action:Activation of Complement Adaptive immunity (Innate immunity)

  15. Antibody action: Action of Complement

  16. Antibody action:IgG-mediated phagocytosis

  17. Antibody action:IgA is secreted

  18. Antibody action:IgE stimulates histamine production

  19. Antibody structure Determines antibody class

  20. Human heavy chain gene-segment pool IgM IgG IgD IgE IgA 51 x 27 x 6 = 8262 possible H chain variable regions 40 x 5 = 200 possible k light chain variable regions 116 possible l chain variable regions 2.6 million possible antigen binding sites from gene segment combinations

  21. Human heavy chain gene-segment pool 51 x 27 x 6 = 8262 possible H chain variable regions 40 x 5 = 200 possible k light chain variable regions 116 possible l chain variable regions 2.6 million possible antigen binding sites from gene segment combinations

  22. Human k light-chain gene rearrangement

  23. Ab gene usage in a pre-B cell (allelic exclusion)

  24. Clonal selection

  25. Memory cells: Somatic hypermutation in V regions Class switching

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