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The American Revolution: Key Battles and Strategic Shifts from 1776 to 1781**

The American Revolution witnessed significant battles from New York City in 1776 to the Southern Campaign. Following their defeat in NYC, the Continental Army faced challenges throughout 1776, leading to pivotal moments like the crossing of the Delaware and victories at Trenton and Princeton. Despite setbacks such as the Battle of Brandywine Creek, the turning point came with the Battle of Saratoga in 1777, securing French support. The British then focused on the Southern Colonies, leading to important engagements and local militia efforts, notably by Francis Marion, “The Swamp Fox,” who contributed to American resilience against British control.

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The American Revolution: Key Battles and Strategic Shifts from 1776 to 1781**

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  1. Chapter 4 Section 3 American Revolution

  2. Fighting: • New York City (Summer 1776): Continental Army showed inexperience and were easily defeated by the British. • NYC will become the headquarters for the British. • Battle of White Plains (October 1776): Washington’s army is forced to retreat. • Instead of following the defeated Continental Army, Howe’s force’s head towards Philadelphia.

  3. Crossing of the Delaware (December 1776) • The British forces were set up in winter quarters in New Jersey. • December 25: Washington led approximately 2,400 men across the icy Delaware River. • They attacked an army of Hessians at Trenton. • Results: Killed or wounded nearly 1000 men (Patriot victory). • Several days later, they attacked Princeton.

  4. Battle of Brandywine Creek (Fall 1777): • Generals Howe’s troops defeated Washington and captured Philadelphia. • Problem: The Continental Congress was able to escape and the army set up winter camp at Valley Forge. • Winter 1777-1778: Brutal conditions at Valley Forge, 2,500 troops die of starvation and cold. • American troops were now being trained by European military officers.

  5. Battle of Saratoga (NY, October 1777) • British surrender on October 17, 1777. • The Patriot victory was a turning point because it improved morale and convinced France to send troops to America. • France Enters the War: • February 1778: US signs its first 2 treaties as a nation with France. • France was the first nation to recognize the United States of America (Ally).

  6. Southern Campaign: • Following the defeat at Saratoga, the British focused their attention on the Southern Colonies (Strong Loyalist support). • May 1780: British capture Charles Town SC. This was the biggest American defeat of the entire war. • American commanders in the south began organizing local militia’s to carry out hit and run raids against the British. • Francis Marion “The Swamp Fox”: American Patriot who leads the raids. • Late 1781: British control small section of the South.

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