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Early Computing

Early Computing. Presented by Brian Barker and Brycen Ainge. Early Mechanical Computers. Abacus (Babylon) About 2400 BC Originally lines in sand with pebbles South Pointing Chariot (China) 1115 BC Wheeled chariot with interchangeable, complex gears

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Early Computing

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  1. Early Computing Presented by Brian Barker and Brycen Ainge

  2. Early Mechanical Computers • Abacus (Babylon) • About 2400 BC • Originally lines in sand with pebbles • South Pointing Chariot (China) • 1115 BC • Wheeled chariot with interchangeable, complex gears • Points South regardless of chariot’s direction • Differential gears ~4,100 years before West

  3. Early Mechanical Computers (Cont.) • Pānini (India) • 5th century BC • Grammar of Sanskrit into 3959 rules • Used metarules, transformations, recursions • Computing power of a Turing Machine

  4. Progresses in Math • Logarithms • 200 – 400 BC • Indian mathematicians invented • 13th Century • Muslims created logarithm tables • 17th Century • John Napier used logarithms for computations • Spurred progress in calculation tools

  5. Algorithms • Brahmagupta • 7th Century • Use of 0 as a decimal digit and placeholder • Al-Khwarizm • On The Calculation with Hindu Numerals • Taught how to perform a series of steps to perform a task • “Algorithm” is a derivation of his name

  6. Charles Babbage • Lived 1791-1871 • Inventor of the first programmable computer • Invented the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine

  7. Difference Engine • Began in 1822 • Made to compute polynomial functions • Never completed • Differenc Engine No. 2 designed • Finally built 1989-1991 • Also had a printer • Advanced functionality

  8. Analytical Engine • More complex than Difference Engine • Used punch cards • Advanced features • It was Turing Complete • Ada Lovelace involved with it

  9. Ada Lovelace • Babbage called her the “Enchantress of Numbers” • First programmer • Created a program for the analytical engine that could compute a sequence of Bernoulli numbers • US DoD developed a programming language in 1983 and named it Ada after her

  10. Alan Turing • Lived 1912-1954 • Father of Computer Science • Did a lot of research that has been integral to advancements in computer science • Invented the Turing Machine

  11. Turing Machines • A basic model of computation • Used to solve many theory questions • Used in Computability Theory • Halting Problem • Turing-completeness is a necessity for computers • Church-Turing Thesis: If an algorithm exists, a Turing machine can be made to compute it as well as anything else

  12. Turing Machines (continued) • Also used in Computational Complexity theory • Algorithmic complexity bounds • P=NP?

  13. References • Menabrea, Luigi Federico; Ada Lovelace (1843). "Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage". Scientific Memoirs3. With notes upon the Memoir by the Translator • The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook. http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/memorial.html • Turing, A.M., 1936, "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Series 2, 42 (1936-37), pp.230-265. • Hoyle, Michelle A., “History Of Computer Science: Computer History From The Past,” April 2007, http://www.eingang.org/Lecture. • DR Gears, “South Pointing Chariot,” December 2005, http://www.drgears.com/gearterms/terms/southpointingchariot.htm

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