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How did people’s perceptions and use of the Great Plains change after the Civil War?

How did people’s perceptions and use of the Great Plains change after the Civil War? Because of new technologies, people saw the Great Plains not as a “treeless wasteland” but as a vast area to be settled. How did people adapt to life in the challenging environment of the Great Plains?

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How did people’s perceptions and use of the Great Plains change after the Civil War?

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  1. How did people’s perceptions and use of the Great Plains change after the Civil War? • Because of new technologies, people saw the Great Plains not as a “treeless wasteland” but as a vast area to be settled.

  2. How did people adapt to life in the challenging environment of the Great Plains? • Inventions/adaptations • Barbed wire • Steel plows • Dry farming • Sod houses • Beef cattle raising • Wheat farming • Windmills • Railroads

  3. Describe the physical features/climate of the Great Plains? • Flatlands that rise gradually from east to west • Land eroded by wind and water • Low rainfall • Frequent dust storms

  4. How did advances in transportation link resources, products, and markets? • Moving natural resources (e.g., copper and lead) to eastern factories • Moving iron ore deposits to sites of steel mills (e.g., Pittsburgh) • Transporting finished products to national markets

  5. What are some examples of manufacturing areas that were located near centers of population? • Textile industry—New England • Automobile industry—Detroit • Steel industry—Pittsburgh

  6. Why did westward expansion occur? • Opportunities for land ownership • Technological advances, including the Transcontinental Railroad • Possibility of wealth created by the discovery of gold and silver • Adventure • A new beginning for former slaves

  7. Why did immigration increase? • Hope for better opportunities • Religious freedom • Escape from oppressive governments • Adventure • jobs

  8. Why did cities develop? • Specialized industries including steel (Pittsburgh), meat packing (Chicago) • Immigration from other countries • Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities

  9. What inventions created great change and industrial growth in the United States? • Lighting and mechanical uses of electricity (Thomas Edison) • Telephone service (Alexander Graham Bell)

  10. What challenges faced Americans as a result of those social and technological changes? • Settlement houses, such as Hull House founded by Jane Addams • Political machines that gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants (e.g., jobs, housing) • Tenements and ghettos • Political corruption (political machines) • Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements.

  11. What is racial segregation? • Based upon race • Directed primarily against African Americans, but other groups also were kept segregated

  12. How were African Americans discriminated against? • “Jim Crow” laws were passed to discriminate against African Americans. • “Jim Crow” laws • Made discrimination practices legal in many communities and states • Were characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, government

  13. How did African Americans respond to discrimination and “Jim Crow”? • Booker T. Washington—Believed equality could be achieved through vocational education; accepted social separation • W.E.B. Du Bois—Believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans

  14. What created the rise in big business? • National markets created by transportation advances • Captains of industry (John D. Rockefeller, oil; Andrew Carnegie, steel; Henry Ford, automobile) • Advertising • Lower-cost production

  15. What factors caused the growth of industry? • Access to raw materials and energy • Availability of work force • Inventions • Financial resources

  16. How did industrialization and the rise in big business influence life on American farms? • Mechanization (e.g., the reaper) had reduced farm labor needs and increased production. • Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs. • Industrialization provided access to jobs

  17. How did the reforms of the Progressive Movement change the United States? • Negative effects of industrialization • Child labor • Low wages, long hours • Unsafe working conditions • Led to- • Improved safety conditions • Reduced work hours • Placed restrictions on child labor

  18. How did workers respond to the negative effects of industrialization? • Formation of unions—Growth of American Federation of Labor • Strikes—Aftermath of Homestead Strike

  19. Describe the suffrage movement. • Increased educational opportunities • Attained voting rights • Women gained the right to vote with passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America. • Susan B. Anthony worked for women’s suffrage.

  20. Describe the Temperance Movement. • Composed of groups opposed to the making and consuming of alcohol • Supported 18th Amendment prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages

  21. What were the reasons for the Spanish American War? • Protection of American business interests in Cuba • American support of Cuban rebels to gain independence from Spain • Rising tensions as a result of the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor • Exaggerated news reports of events (Yellow Journalism)

  22. What were the results of the Spanish American War? • The United States emerged as a world power. • Cuba gained independence from Spain. • The United States gained possession of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.

  23. What were the reasons for the United States becoming involved in World War I? • Inability to remain neutral • German submarine warfare— sinking of Lusitania • U.S. economic and political ties to Great Britain

  24. Who were the Allies in WWI? • Great Britain • France • Russia • Serbia • Belgium

  25. Who were the Central Powers? • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Bulgaria • Ottoman Empire

  26. In what ways did the United States provide leadership at the conclusion of the war? • At the end of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson prepared a peace plan that called for the formation of the League of Nations, a peace-keeping organization. • The United States decided not to join the League of Nations.

  27. What were the results of improve transportation in the early twentieth century? • Greater mobility • Creation of jobs • Growth of transportation-related industries (road construction, oil, steel, automobile) • Movement to suburban areas • Invention of the airplane • The Wright brothers • Use of the assembly line • Henry Ford

  28. List changes in communication, electrification, and mechanization. • Increased availability of telephones • Development of the radio (role of Guglielmo Marconi) and broadcast industry (role of David Sarnoff) • Development of the movies • Labor-saving products (e.g., washing machines, electric stoves, water pumps) • Electric lighting • Entertainment (e.g., radio) • Improved communications

  29. What was Prohibition, and how effective was it? • Prohibition was imposed by a constitutional amendment that made it • illegal to manufacture, transport, and sell alcoholic beverages. • Speakeasies were created as places for people to drink alcoholic beverages. • Bootleggers smuggled illegal alcohol and promoted organized crime.

  30. Why did African Americans migrate to northern cities? • Great Migration • Jobs for African Americans in the South were scarce and low paying. • African Americans faced discrimination and violence in the South. • African Americans moved to northern cities in search of better employment opportunities. • African Americans also faced discrimination and violence in the North.

  31. Who were the leaders in art, literature, and music in the 1920’s? What were their contributions? • Art—Georgia O’Keeffe, an artist known for urban scenes and, later, paintings of the Southwest • Literature—F. Scott Fitzgerald, a novelist who wrote about the Jazz Age of the 1920s; John Steinbeck, a novelist who portrayed the strength of poor migrant workers during the 1930s • Music—Aaron Copland and George Gershwin, composers who wrote uniquely American music

  32. How did the Harlem Renaissance influence American life? • African American artists, writers, and musicians based in Harlem revealed the freshness and variety of African American culture. • Art—Jacob Lawrence, painter who chronicled the experiences of the Great Migration north through art • Literature—Langston Hughes, poet who combined the experiences of African and American cultural roots • Music—Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong, jazz composers; Bessie Smith, blues singer • Popularity of these artists spread to the rest of society.

  33. What were the causes of the Great Depression? • People over speculated on stocks, using borrowed money that they could not repay when stock prices crashed. • The Federal Reserve failed to prevent the collapse of the banking system. • High tariffs strangled international trade. • Debt

  34. How were the lives of Americans affected by the Great Depression? • A large numbers of banks and businesses failed. • One-fourth of workers were without jobs. • Large numbers of people were hungry and homeless. • Farmers’ incomes fell to low levels.

  35. What were the major features of the New Deal? • Social Security • Federal work programs • Environmental improvement programs • Farm assistance programs • Increased rights for labor

  36. How did post-World War I Europe set the stage for World War II? In other words, what were the early root causes of WWII? • Political instability and economic devastation in Europe resulting from World War I • Worldwide depression • High war debt owed by Germany • High inflation • Massive unemployment

  37. How did the rise of fascism affect world events following World War I? • Rise of Fascism • Fascism is a political philosophy in which total power is given to a dictator and individual freedoms are denied. • Fascist dictators included Adolf Hitler (Germany), Benito Mussolini (Italy), and Hideki Tojo (Japan). • These dictators led the countries that became known as the Axis Powers.

  38. How did American policy toward events in Europe and Asia change over time? • Gradual change in American policy from neutrality to involvement • Isolationism (Great Depression, legacy of World War I) • Economic aid to Allies • Direct involvement in the war came later

  39. How did the US become directly involved? • War in the Pacific • Rising tension developed between the United States and Japan because of Japanese aggression in East Asia. • On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor without warning. • The United States declared war on Japan. • Germany declared war on the United States.

  40. What were the major events and turning points of World War II? • Major events and turning points of World War IIGermany invaded Poland, setting off war in Europe. The Soviet Union also invaded Poland and the Baltic nations.Germany invaded France, capturing Paris.Germany bombed London and the Battle of Britain began.The United States gave Britain war supplies and old naval warships in return for military bases in Bermuda and the Caribbean. Japan bombed Pearl Harbor.After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Germany declared war on the United States.The United States declared war on Japan and Germany.The United States was victorious over Japan in the Battle of Midway. This victory was the turning point of the war in the Pacific.Germany invaded the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union defeated Germany at Stalingrad, marking the turning point of the war in Eastern Europe. American and Allied troops landed in Normandy, France, on • D-Day to begin the liberation of Western Europe. • The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) in 1945, forcing Japan to surrender and ending World War II.

  41. What was the Holocaust? • The Holocaust • Anti-Semitism • Aryan supremacy • Systematic attempt to rid Europe of all Jews • Tactics- • Boycott of Jewish stores • Threats • Segregation • Imprisonment and killing of Jews and others in concentration camps

  42. How did Americans at home support the war effort? • American involvement in World War II brought an end to the Great Depression. Factories and workers were needed to produce goods to win the war.Thousands of American women took jobs in defense plants during the war (e.g., Rosie the Riveter). • Americans at home supported the war by conserving and rationing resources.

  43. What effect did the war have on race relations in America? • The need for workers temporarily broke down some racial barriers (e.g., hiring in defense plants) although discrimination against African Americans continued. • While many Japanese Americans served in the armed forces, others were treated with distrust and prejudice, and many were forced into internment camps.

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