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Exploring Cellular Systems and Energy Transformations

Delve into cell processes, thermodynamics, and metabolic reactions in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Discover how cells maintain stability, utilize free energy, and regulate equilibrium through energy coupling. Learn about ATP as a crucial energy carrier in cell functions.

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Exploring Cellular Systems and Energy Transformations

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  1. Cell Procaryotic: Eucaryotic Membrane system Cytoskeleton + extracellular components

  2. Metabolism • Catabolic reactions: breakdown • Sugar----> CO2 + H2O + energy • Anabolic reactions: building

  3. Thermodynamics • Study of Energy transformations in a collection of matter • Light is a type of kinetic energy

  4. Thermodynamics • 1st Law: • Energy can be transferred or transformed NOT created or destroyed • 2nd Law: • Every transfer of energy: heat is lost (increase entropy)

  5. Ecosystem thermodynamics • Energy into an ecosystem as light out as heat.

  6. System stability • System will move toward stability • High energy low entropy wants to shift to low energy high entropy (more stable) • Opposite charges want to go to eachother • Complex molecules want to breakdown

  7. Free Energy • Free energy is the portion of energy that is free to do work…. Not just change temp. • Free E = potential E = potential to do work

  8. Free energy in a system • G = Free energy (potential energy) • S = entropy • T = absolute temperature in Kelvin (K) • H = system total energy • G = H - TS

  9. Systems energy • Equilibrium: change in G is 0 system performs no work. • Exergonic reaction: spontaneous: net release of energy • Cell respiration of glucose G = -686

  10. Systems energy • Endogenic reaction: requires energy input • Photosynthesis: synth. Glucose G = +686

  11. System energy • Equilibrium = no G. Cell doing no work • Disequilibrium: cell must maintain disequil. To live. • HOW? Cell is open system with surroundings.

  12. Energy coupling • Exergonic reaction drives an endergonic • ATP mediates

  13. Exergonic • Exergonic: net release of free energy. Decrease G: cell respiration - 686

  14. Endogenic • Endogenic reaction: requires the input of energy: photosynthesis • G increase • G= + 686

  15. If rxn reaches equilib. No work being done…….no good for cell • Cell respiration: no reach equilibrium because: the products of 1 reaction are reactants of the next.

  16. ATP • ATP: mediates the coupling of reactions • ATP: • sugar = ribose • Nitrogenous base: adenine • 3 phosphate groups • 7.3 Kcal/mole of energy per ATP hydrolyzed • RNA: ribose, nitrogenous base, 1 phosphate

  17. ATP • Cell does 3 kinds of work: • Mechanical: contract, move cilia, move chromosomes • Transport: pump things across membrane • Chemical work: push endergonic rxn.s

  18. ATP • ATP + H2O = ADP + inorganic Phos. (Pi) • ATP hydrolyzed to ADP • ATP hydrolyzed in beaker: makes Heat

  19. ATP • Triphosphate tails: each has – charge. All close together: like compressed spring with potential energy • Phosphorylated: the reactant that accepts the phosphate group • Coupling reactions: the phosphorylated molecule is intermediary

  20. ATP • Example: • Mechanical work: ATP phosphorylates a motor protein in cell. • Post work: ATP regenerated by cellular respiration

  21. ATP • Example: • Active transport: ATP phosphorylate membrane protein • Example: • Chemical: phosphorylate key reactants

  22. Regenerate ATP • ADP + Pi = ATP + H2O • Endergonic: requires energy

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